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The Word of God and the Eyes of God

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Cris Saur (2016), public domain

Rest is one of the most elusive states in the modern west. Most of us are powered up with our engines revving high much more often (and for longer) than we’d like. At the end of the day, at the end of the week, we long for rest.

This is not new. Ever since God cursed the ground after Adam and Eve’s sin, work in the world has been hard. All who labor have felt this. God’s people in the first century felt it too.

The author of Hebrews writes about rest in a way that should grab our attention. And he uses a famous description of the Scriptures to offer us help.

Strive to Enter God’s Rest

In Hebrews 3:7–4:13, the author pens a warning to his readers that is framed as a contrast to what happened to the generation of Israelites who left Egypt. They put God “to the test” and he was “provoked with that generation” (Heb 3:9-10). They were “disobedient” and unbelieving, and God swore to them that they would not enter his rest (Heb 3:18-19).

The exhortation to those who received this letter, therefore, is to “strive to enter that rest, so that no one may fall by the same sort of disobedience” (Heb 4:11). They must not “harden [their] hearts,” and they should “exhort one another every day […] that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin” (Heb 3:8, 13).

It is not enough to hear the good news; it is only those who believe who will enter God’s rest (Heb 4:2-3).

Rest as God Rested

The contrast with the wilderness generation of Israel points to “rest” as it was understood in the original context: conquest of the promised land of Canaan. However, “rest” also pointed to something greater. And the readers of Hebrews still have access to this greater rest.

For if Joshua had given them rest, God would not have spoken of another day later on. So then, there remains a Sabbath rest for the people of God, for whoever has entered God’s rest has also rested from his works as God did from his. (Heb 4:8–10)

Those of us familiar with the letters of the apostle Paul may read “works” here in the sense of works righteousness. (See Eph 2:8-9, Gal 2:16, Titus 3:4–7.) This is an understandable reflex, but it doesn’t square with the context.

The Sabbath rest that remains for the people of God has us resting from our works as God rested from his. From Heb 4:4, we know this refers to the seventh day of creation. Thus, the rest mentioned here is a rest of finality, completion, and satisfaction that what was chaotic has been settled and ordered by a good, sovereign king.

The Sharp and Piercing Word

Those who believe will enter this rest in a preliminary sense when they die and in the full sense at the re-making of the world. So how can we be sure we are among that number? The author of Hebrews anticipates and answers this question.

For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing to the division of soul and of spirit, of joints and of marrow, and discerning the thoughts and intentions of the heart. And no creature is hidden from his sight, but all are naked and exposed to the eyes of him to whom we must give account. (Heb 4:12-13)

All creatures are exposed before the eyes of God because we cannot hide from him. Our deeds and our hearts are fully known, down to the last detail. We can keep track of God’s judgment of us by paying attention to his word.

God’s word is like a sword, sharp and piercing the deepest places within us. The thoughts and intentions of our hearts are discerned by the Scriptures. And this word of the Lord is living and active; we cannot encounter it without effect.

The author of Hebrews wants his initial readers (and us) to enter God’s Sabbath rest. This is available to all who believe, and we can check our faith by comparing ourselves to God’s word. The more we are spiritually exposed before the Bible and the more we “consider Jesus” who is found there, the more surely we will “share in Christ,” as we “hold our original confidence firm to the end” (Heb 3:1, 14).

Exodus 23:1-19: Doing Good Through Truth and Justice

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God has applied the Ten Commandments through a series of case laws that address basic human rights, private property, and social justice. Now he turns to essential matters of truth and justice.

Observation of Exodus 23:1-19

Most repeated words: not (9 times), feast (5x), keep (5), year (5) day (3), donkey (3), eat (3), field (3), lawsuit (3), let (3), nor (3), poor (3), rest (3), sojourner (3), time (3)

  • If we include common stop words, this passage continues the case-law trend of frequently using “you,” “shall,” “of,” “your,” “with,” and “for.”
  • A shift to the sabbath commandment is apparent from “feast,” “keep,” “year,” “day,” “rest,” and “time.”
  • Another theme seems to be oppression or justice (lawsuit, poor, sojourner).

The structure clearly divides into two sections, with a noteworthy conclusion:

  • 10 instructions about truth and justice (applying “don’t bear false witness”)
    • 4 instructions about wicked partiality – Ex 23:1-3
      • Don’t ever join testimony about someone without evidence, even if it will help people in need.
    • 2 instructions about being true to your enemies – Ex 23:4-5
      • Don’t pretend you weren’t aware of their needs.
    • 3 instructions about perverting justice in legal proceedings – Ex 23:6-8
      • Don’t act like the wicked, who are not able to see things clearly.
    • 1 instruction about being true to sojourners – Ex 23:9
      • Don’t feign ignorance of what it’s like to be a sojourner.
  • 6 instructions about work and rest (applying “remember the sabbath”)
    • 2 instructions about working hard so you can rest and provide for others – Ex 23:10-12
    • 1 instruction about crediting the right god (Ex 23:13) – this might be an application of “don’t take Yahweh’s name in vain”
    • 1 instruction, with 3 instances, about keeping Yahweh’s appointed feasts – Ex 23:14-17
    • 2 instructions about authorized offerings – Ex 23:18-19a
  • 1 concluding instruction about how to boil a young goat – Ex 23:19b
    • This final instruction stands apart, as it’s not really about work and rest (goats would not be boiled, but roasted, during an offering at a feast)

In addition, the next verse (Ex 23:20) takes us in a new direction. The rest of chapter 23 doesn’t have any case laws, but more of a vision for obeying the case laws. So the instruction about boiling a young goat takes a prominent place as the last instruction.

Holly Occhipinti (2013), Creative Commons

 

Interpretation of Exodus 23:1-19

Some possible questions:

  1. Why does God give so many instructions about truthful justice?
  2. What does the Lord want to communicate about the purpose of the sabbath?
  3. Why are the culinary habits of young-goat chefs so prominent? What is significant about boiling a young goat in its mother’s milk? Why is this the last case law?

My answers (numbers correspond to the questions):

  1. Clearly, we all are prone to one form of bias or another, so the Lord warns against it from all sides. Watch out for peer pressure (Ex 23:1), social pressure (Ex 23:2), and victimization (Ex 23:3). Don’t let your negative feelings toward someone prevent you from treating them humanely (Ex 23:4-5). Watch out for power-mongering (Ex 23:6), reversing God’s standards (Ex 23:7), and profiting personally from legal outcomes (Ex 23:8). Don’t ever forget what it’s like to be one of the little guys (Ex 23:9). Our sinful hearts will seek any direction away from truth and toward self-preservation. Be on your guard!
  2. The sabbath is not merely about going to church on Sunday, nor about dutiful religious activity. It requires hard work (Ex 23:10). For the Israelites, it’s not just one day per week, but also three weeks out of every year, and one year out of every seven. The purpose is not primarily for you, or even for God, but for others. The sabbath year is so “that the poor of your people may eat” (Ex 23:11). The sabbath day is so “that your ox and your donkey may have rest, and the son of your servant woman, and the alien, may be refreshed” (Ex 23:12). Here in the Old Testament, we learn why Jesus had little patience for people who refused to do good on the sabbath. When Jesus himself did so, he was never breaking the sabbath command, but actually obeying it.
  3. A mother’s milk was created by God to give life to her young. Boiling a young goat in its mother’s milk would be taking what was meant for life and using it as an implement for death. Perhaps this instruction is the last case law, to serve as a metaphor for the entire code of Ex 21-23. This body of instruction is meant to give you life, by showing you how God’s character works itself out in your community. Don’t use it (the law) to kill or destroy. In other words, don’t use it to try to earn God’s favor, which you already have (Ex 20:2). Don’t use it to bludgeon people into submission (as the Pharisees tried to do with Jesus and his disciples). Don’t use it to lay burdens on people without lifting a finger to help them carry those burdens. Instead, use the law to help improve the quality of life for God’s people in God’s world.

Train of thought:

  • Blind justice preserves extreme truthfulness.
  • Hard work promotes true rest.
  • Implements of life must never be twisted into agents for death.

Main point: God’s people diligently employ truth and rest to do good for others.

Connection to Christ: Jesus not only spoke the truth but was himself the embodiment of Truth (John 14:6). And Jesus’ work was never for himself but always for the good of others (Acts 10:38). He died, according to the will of his Father, so self-interested liars like us could have life.

My Application of Exodus 23:1-19

I usually focus on personal/inward application, but this text provokes me to focus more outwardly and culturally. We must apply these truths as a people before God, and God has called me to help influence the world for him.

So as a part of this community, I must fight to prevent channels of life from becoming instruments of death. Truth and justice matter, for the good of others. There is a time and a place for death (such as the field of battle, the hospice, and the execution chamber). But schools are not for shooting. Hospitals are not for euthanizing. Medical clinics are not for aborting. Homes are not for fighting or yelling. Conversations are not for tearing down. Sabbaths are not for coercing. And Bibles are not for thumping or berating.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.

Exodus 5:1-21: The God of Rest and Stink

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God has entrusted his mission to Moses, and he’s enabled Moses to relate to experiences of the Israelites. Moses is now ready to act as God’s mediator and deliver these people. But first, God has a little more work to do…1

Observation of Exodus 5:1-21

Repeated words:

  • If we look only at each word, the most repeated ones are some of the usual ones: people (12 times), go, Pharaoh, said (9x), Israel, Lord (6x).
  • But if we look at word families, a major theme jumps off the page
    • Words having to do with work or labor occur more than 70 times.
    • These words include: straw (9x), bricks (7x), foremen, make, work (5x), servants, taskmasters (4x), idle, reduce, task (3x), beaten, burdens, daily, gather, get, give, given, made (2x), complete, done, find, heavier, impose, labor, scattered, stubble (1x).

Names/titles:

  • Though Pharaoh is given his usual title 9 times, once in the passage he is referred to as “the king of Egypt” (Ex 5:4). In that verse, this king demands that his slaves return to their burdens.
  • God’s name (Yahweh, or “LORD”) remains prominent, especially as Pharaoh asks, “Who is Yahweh, that I should obey his voice?” and claims, “I do not know Yahweh” (Ex 5:2).

Structure:

  • Paragraph 1 (Ex 5:1-5): Alternating dialogue about the fate of the sons of Israel.
    • Moses & Aaron (Ex 5:1), Pharaoh (Ex 5:2), Moses & Aaron (Ex 5:3), king of Egypt (Ex 5:4).
    • Pharaoh then gets the last word (Ex 5:5)
  • Paragraph 2 (Ex 5:6-9): Pharaoh increases the burdens on the people.
  • Paragraph 3 (Ex 5:10-14): Taskmasters pass along Pharaoh’s wishes and beat the Hebrew foremen for failing to meet quotas.
  • Paragraph 4 (Ex 5:15-21): The foremen cry out to Pharaoh, and are accused of being idle. On their way out, they meet Moses and Aaron and blame them for worsening their slavery.

Alain (2012), Creative Commons

Alain (2012), Creative Commons

Interpretation of Exodus 5:1-21

Some of my questions:

  1. Why are these work-related words repeated so much?
  2. What makes Pharaoh think the people are idle? They’ve already built at least 2 cities for him (Ex 1:11)!
  3. Why have the people shifted so quickly from worship (Ex 4:31) to blaming Moses and Aaron (Ex 5:21)?
  4. Why would God begin the deliverance of his people by making their lives so much harder?

Answers (numbers correspond to the preceding questions):

  1. The narrator shows us this new Pharaoh’s gut reaction to the problem of the people being “many” (Ex 5:5). His predecessor enslaved them and tried to murder and drown their sons. This Pharaoh wants to keep control by giving them more work to do. Work, work, work. Labor, burdens, servants. Foremen, taskmasters, bricks, straw. Words are multiplied to an extreme to show Pharaoh’s chief strategy: let heavier work be laid on the men that they may labor at it and pay no regard to lying words (Ex 5:9). But what are the “lying words” he fears so much? He shows his hand in his last word to Moses and Aaron in Ex 5:5: “You make them rest from their burdens!” The word rest occurs only here, in huge contrast to the 70+ occurrences of “work”-related words. Pharaoh perceives that Moses and Aaron (and therefore Yahweh) want to give the Hebrews rest. So his solution is to increase their work.
  2. Pharaoh’s problem clearly is not with the people, but with Moses and Aaron who want to make them rest. And especially with Yahweh, the God of rest (Ex 5:1-2).
  3. Of course, they’re upset by the increased workload. But even more, they are concerned “because you have made us stink in the sight of Pharaoh and his servants” (Ex 5:21). Moses and Aaron led them to worship Yahweh (Ex 4:31), but Yahweh has proven to be a God who makes his people stink. That’s just not fair.
  4. God already said Pharaoh would not let them go unless compelled (Ex 3:19). God would have to strike Egypt with mighty wonders (Ex 3:20). (Perhaps this is why Moses and Aaron fear pestilence or sword against themselves in Ex 5:3.) God would harden Pharaoh’s heart and kill his son (Ex 4:21-23). We don’t exactly know why God would do it this way, other than perhaps to show his people that they can do nothing to deliver themselves. To learn that lesson, they must be in a situation that goes from bad to worsest.

Train of thought:

  • Yahweh wants to give his people rest.
  • This idea stinks to those who don’t respect such a God.
  • Therefore, God’s people stink to those who don’t know or respect Yahweh.
  • It is not easy for God’s people to go through this, but it is an important part of their eventual deliverance.

Main Point: The LORD makes his people rest and stink.

Connection to Christ: Jesus came to make God’s people rest from all their works (Matt 11:28-30, Hebrews 3:7-4:13). This plan of deliverance made Jesus stink (Mark 3:1-6), and it makes God’s resting people likewise stink to those who think they must work harder for God’s approval (2 Cor 2:14-17).

My Application of Exodus 5:1-21

Inward, head application: Why am I still surprised every time my faith in Christ makes me stink to those who are perishing (1 Peter 4:12-14)? I must expect to enter the kingdom of God through much tribulation (Acts 14:22). This stink is a crucial part of attaining my rest.

Outward, hands application: When I preach the gospel of Christ, I must preach a message of both rest and stink. The work of Christ’s salvation is done; there’s nothing more we can add to it. And the world will hate us for it; men love darkness rather than light.

1Much of my thinking on this passage was influenced by a marvelous sermon preached recently at my church by my colleague Tom Hallman. Tom explained this text so well, I may never again be able to think of it apart from the categories of rest and stink.

Click here to see what I’m doing with this sample Bible study and why I’m doing it.