Hebrews | Knowable Word

You Better Believe It

December 1, 2023 By Peter Krol

Do you ever wonder if it’s worth it to keep going?

Let’s say you’re driving at twilight, to a place you’ve never been. You’ve gotten most of the way there without a GPS, but you’re not so sure about the road you now travel. Is it worth it to keep going, or should you stop to get better directions?

Your college experience hasn’t resulted in the grades or the friendships you expected. And the exorbitant costs only increase. Is it worth it to keep going?

Your career—or perhaps your marriage—has plateaued, and you find yourself doing more of the same, day in and day out. Is it worth it to keep going?

When it comes to the Christian life: This question is a crucial one.

Following Jesus comes with not only great blessing but also quite a high cost. Life is hard, and you have to give up a lot of time and stuff. Is it worth it to keep going?

Over the next few weeks, I plan to do a deep dive into Hebrews 10:19-39. And the main idea of this passage is that ‌you better believe it’s worth it to keep going.

In order to keep going as a Christian, there are three things in particular that you’d better believe, because without these beliefs, you just might end up throwing everything away. You better believe you have a confident entrance (Heb 10:19-25). You better believe there will be certain vengeance (Heb 10:26-31). And you better believe you’ll need constant reliance (Heb 10:32-39).

Why don’t you take a look at the text for yourself in the coming week? See how much you can observe about the commands, the conclusions, and the train of thought. Write down any questions you have, and we’ll see what answers we can get from the text over the next few weeks.

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Jesus Sanctifies His Brothers: Observations from Hebrews 2

November 20, 2023 By Ryan Higginbottom

Sometimes profound, biblical truths take hours to unearth. They are the result of long wrestling and deep exertion.

At other times, deep doctrine lies right on the surface. We can walk by and snatch it from the ground, like a ripe pear on a bed of orchard grass.

Observation is the foundation of any good Bible study method. We often think of interpretation as the Bible study phase which produces life-changing, paradigm-altering conclusions. But on occasion, we can spot gems in the first stage.

I’ve recently been studying the book of Hebrews with my small group. I was shocked how many statements of life-giving goodness jumped off the page as I was observing Hebrews 2 this week. In an effort to encourage our readers in their Bible study efforts, below I present 35 observations from Hebrews 2:10–18. I don’t claim these are the only observations one could make from these verses (they’re not!), nor even that these are the most important. But, since interpretation is built on observation, holding a passage under the microscope is a necessary first step to understanding.

Observing Hebrews 2

Here are some of the wonders I spotted in Hebrews 2:10–18.

God the Father is the one “for whom and by whom all things exist.” (Heb 2:10)
God the Father brings “many sons to glory.” (Heb 2:10)
Those God brings to glory are called “sons.” (Heb 2:10)
Jesus is the “founder” of the sons’ salvation. (Heb 2:10)
God the Father made Jesus perfect. (Heb 2:10)
God made Jesus perfect through suffering. (Heb 2:10)
This perfecting of Jesus was “fitting.” (Heb 2:10)
Jesus is the one who sanctifies the sons. (Heb 2:11)
The sons are sanctified. (Heb 2:11)
Jesus and the sons have one source. (Heb 2:11)
This common source is why Jesus is not ashamed to call the sons “brothers.” (Heb 2:11)
Jesus calls the sons “brothers.” (Heb 2:11)
Jesus shared in “flesh and blood.” (Heb 2:14)
Jesus shared in “flesh and blood” because the children do. (Heb 2:14)
The devil “has the power of death.” (Heb 2:14)
Jesus destroyed the one with the power of death. (Heb 2:14)
Jesus destroyed the one with the power of death through death. (Heb 2:14)
Through death Jesus delivered many. (Heb 2:15)
Those Jesus delivered were subject to slavery. (Heb 2:15)
This slavery was lifelong. (Heb 2:15)
This slavery happened through fear of death. (Heb 2:15)
Jesus does not help angels. (Heb 2:16)
Jesus helps the offspring of Abraham. (Heb 2:16)
Those Jesus delivered are again referred to as his “brothers.” (Heb 2:17)
Jesus was made like his brothers in every respect. (Heb 2:17)
Jesus became a high priest in the service of God. (Heb 2:17)
Jesus became a high priest who is merciful. (Heb 2:17)
Jesus became a high priest who is faithful. (Heb 2:17)
Being made like his brothers was necessary for becoming a high priest. (Heb 2:17)
Jesus’s work as a high priest involved making “propitiation for the sins of the people.” (Heb 2:17)
Jesus suffered when tempted. (Heb 2:18)
Jesus suffered. (Heb 2:18)
Jesus was tempted. (Heb 2:18)
Jesus is able to help those who are being tempted. (Heb 2:18)
Because he suffered when tempted, Jesus is able to help those who are being tempted. (Heb 2:18)

More Work To Do

Now, after observing the text there’s more work to do. We must ask and answer questions and work to determine the author’s main point.

But careful observation gets us going in the right direction.

Your Conscience Requires an Eternal Inheritance

October 27, 2023 By Peter Krol

Previously, I proposed that Jesus is the best thing for your conscience because he provides an eternal redemption and he promises an eternal inheritance. This is what Hebrews 9 is all about. Last week I explained our eternal redemption in Heb 9:1-14. Now it’s time to see the eternal inheritance in Heb 9:15-28.

close up photography of concrete tombstones — Photo by Mike Bird on Pexels.com

The Promised Eternal Inheritance

Hebrews 9:15-28 states its main idea right at the beginning, in Heb 9:15: That which awaits the beneficiaries of Jesus’ new covenant is a “promised eternal inheritance.”

‌Now the way an “inheritance” worked back then was very similar to how it works now. An inheritance is the thing you receive when your parents or grandparents pass away. A person spends their life building up an estate.‌ And when they die, they pass that estate on to their heirs in portions.

‌That’s what this text is saying that Jesus does.

‌The text has been talking about a “covenant” (Heb 9:, 15), but in Heb 9:16, he’s suddenly talking about a “will.” At least, it feels sudden to us, but it’s not sudden at all.

‌You should know that the original Greek word for “will” (Heb 9:16-17) is exactly the same as the original Greek word for “covenant” (Heb 9:15, 20, etc.). This one Greek word could be used in a variety of ways, and we need two English words to capture the sense of it.

‌But a “covenant” and a “will” are closely related concepts, and the author plays off those concepts here in this text.

“He is the mediator of a new covenant…” (Heb 9:15)
“For where a covenant is involved, the death of the one who made it must be established.” (Heb 9:16)

‌What he’s saying here is simply that an inheritance cannot pass on until the person owning it passes away. And that’s exactly what happened with Jesus Christ.

‌So those who trust in Christ and join his new covenant receive a promised eternal inheritance (Heb 9:15). But they can’t actually get it unless the one who promised it dies (Heb 9:16-17). Heb 9:18-22 references Exodus 24, where the first covenant was activated in those copycat, earthly places by constant death. But the new covenant was activated in the real place—heaven—by just one death (Heb 9:23-26).

‌Sometimes people think of the Old Covenant as being real and physical, and the new covenant as being spiritual and invisible. But this text looks at the differences differently:

The old covenant was only figurative. The one making the covenant didn’t actually die. He had to kill an animal as a substitute to activate the covenant. And since it was only figuratively forgiving sins, the sacrificial deaths had to occur over and over again.
But the new covenant is the thing that is real, not symbolic. Therefore only one death had to occur, since it fully and finally activated the will, so the heirs could receive the inheritance.

‌So what is the point of all this?

‌You can know your redemption is real and eternal, because the Lord Jesus died, activating his covenant, and passing on his full estate as your inheritance.

‌Application

‌Stop trying to cleanse your conscience through good deeds or religious activity! You can’t silence the inner voice of accusation by attending services or performing rituals. And you’ll never do enough good deeds to balance out the sin you have committed.

‌Instead, look to the inheritance that belongs to you because the Lord Jesus died.

‌And that begs a crucial question: What is that inheritance? What is it that we get after Jesus died that we couldn’t have gotten before he died?

‌The Old Testament people of God had the land of Canaan as their inheritance. They lost that inheritance when they rejected God as their God. But what is our inheritance under the new covenant?

‌Well, that’s what the author ends with: the general principle that all people die and face judgment (Heb 9:27), applied specifically to Jesus (Heb 9:28). Jesus himself died, and will one day face judgment. Though in his case, the judgment he faces will not be brought against him. It is his own judgment to put the world to rights and save his people from injustice.

‌And who will those people be? How can you tell who will be saved by him on the last day when he returns?

‌He “will appear a second time, not to deal with sin but to save those who are eagerly waiting for him” (Heb 9:28).

‌Right here, the author informs us of what we inherit. The thing we get, now that Jesus has died, is Jesus himself. We are those who are waiting for him. Eagerly.

‌And if you’re tempted to think that’s lame and anticlimactic, because that’s not the sort of inheritance you were hoping for, and you wonder where all the fortune and glory is—

‌Then you need to go back to chapter 1 of Hebrews and remind yourself of who Jesus is.

‌It is no small thing to say that Jesus is yours. That he is your inheritance. He is the radiance of the glory of God and the exact imprint of his nature. Jesus is the one who upholds the universe by his word of power. He created the world, and he is the heir of all things.

‌And when he is your inheritance, everything that is his becomes yours. And you belong to his God and Father.

‌So as a final application: Let’s test your conscience right now.

‌If you found out that Jesus was returning this afternoon, how would you take that development? Would you embrace the news eagerly, as the solution you’ve been waiting for? Or would there be a nagging voice in your head that springs to life, reminding you of the grave danger you are in, rehearsing all the things you’ve left unresolved?

‌Would you feel as though Jesus’ return would cut you off from experiencing something “better” that you haven’t experienced yet?

‌I encourage you to wait for the Lord Jesus to return, and to wait eagerly. As you look ahead to his return, you ought not be wracked with guilt, anxiety, or distress. You can serve him now with a clear conscience, because you wait eagerly for him to become fully yours then, when he returns. He’s already dealt with your sin and that of the world. Now you’re just waiting for him to clean up all the undesirable effects of it.

‌Your eternal inheritance is the Lord Jesus himself, your great high priest. He provides you with the assurance that your redemption is eternal. And because of his eternal redemption and eternal inheritance, your conscience is clean.

‌Not just for a little while, but now and forever.

‌Jesus is the best thing for your conscience.

Your Conscience Requires Eternal Redemption

October 20, 2023 By Peter Krol

Last week, I proposed that Jesus is the best thing for your conscience because he provides an eternal redemption and he promises an eternal inheritance. This is what Hebrews 9 is all about. Let me now tackle the first part of that thesis.

Regulations for Worship and Place

Hebrews 9:1-14 has a tremendous amount of detail‌ because the author is summarizing the entire ceremonial law of Moses for us. But his main argument consists of three pieces.

Jesus’ redemption is eternal (Heb 9:11-14),
because he provides better worship (Heb 9:6-10)
in a better place (Heb 9:1-5).

That’s it. Amid all the detail, that’s all that he’s saying here. Jesus’ redemption is eternal, because he provides better worship in a better place.

The tricky part is to grasp what that means. And in order to grasp what that means, you’ve got to grasp the Old Testament system of worship.

‌Regulations for Place

Referring to God’s contract with his people in the Old Testament, the author reminds us that the first covenant had regulations for worship and an earthly place of holiness (Heb 9:1). He then expands on the place first in Heb 9:2-5. Then he explains the rules for worship in Heb 9:6-7, before bringing the two (worship and place) together again in Heb 9:8-10).

‌With respect to the place, he describes the tabernacle Moses set up.

‌It had two rooms, with certain pieces of furniture in each room. The only doorway takes you into an outer room, with a lamp, and a table with bread on it. There’s a doorway with a curtain, going into a second, inner room, with an altar to produce a sweet-smelling cloud to cover the large golden box containing God’s personal belongings.

‌In Heb 9:5, the author states that “of these things we cannot now speak in details.” What he’s saying is not that the details don’t matter but that they do. We could study them and discuss them at great length. For example, see my series on the tabernacle in Exodus, beginning here.

‌But now is not the time to go into all of those details. The main idea in Hebrews 9 is simply that that old covenant had a place for worship.

This tent, with its two rooms, and all its furniture, provided a place on earth where God could dwell with his people, and they could come and enjoy a relationship with him.

‌Regulations for Worship

But beyond the place itself, we ought to consider the regulations for worship. In other words, what transpired in that place to enable God’s people to worship him?

‌Most people could not enter the tent, but had to remain in the front yard, where gifts and sacrifices were offered. But any priest could enter the first room (Heb 9:6). And only the high priest could enter the second room, and that on only one special day each year (Heb 9:7).

That high priest must offer blood to cover the sins of both himself and the rest of the people. If he tries to enter without the blood of a substitute, he dies.

The ritual described here is called the Day of Atonement, and you can read about it in Leviticus 16.

‌But what is the point? Why do we need to know about the place? And why do we need to know the regulations for worship?

According to Heb 9:8, as long as there is a temple in Jerusalem with two rooms (because the first, or outer room is still standing), that means that there is no way opened into the holy places. In other words, there is no access to God’s presence with his people. There is only a hint or shadow, a tease of his presence.

‌This is symbolic for the present age (Heb 9:9)! At the time Hebrews was written, the temple was still standing. The curtain between the two rooms had torn on the day Jesus died, showing that access was now granted. But the Jews had repaired it, and access to God’s presence was once more denied to God’s people.

The impact of all of this comes at the end of Heb 9:9: When gifts and sacrifices are offered in an earthly place with limited access to God, those gifts and sacrifices cannot perfect the conscience of the worshiper. The best they can do is provide outward conformity to a ritual code (Heb 9:10).

‌So under the old system, you can conduct worship in a special place, and that worship will clean you up on the outside.

But it can’t do anything for you on the inside.

‌Your sin will still hound you, and your conscience will continue to convict you. That’s how it worked under the old system.

‌Eternal Redemption

But when Christ came along, to be a new high priest, he changed all that.

‌Jesus did not conduct his priesthood by entering the earthly temple in Jerusalem (Heb 9:11). He actually went into the true and original tent pitched in heaven! He conducted his ministry in a better place than the Jewish priests.

And he offered a better worship (Heb 9:12). He didn’t bring the blood of goats and calves, but his own blood.

And there’s the main idea of the entire section: Because our priest Jesus conducted better worship in a better place, he secured an eternal redemption. Jesus offered himself once and only once, and it worked!

The proof that it worked is that he doesn’t have to keep doing it! It worked, and our sins were forgiven, and therefore, he has purified our conscience from dead works to serve the living God (Heb 9:14).

Do you get what this means?

Because Jesus your priest offered better worship in a better place, you can be with God forever. If you belong to Christ, your sins cannot ever be held against you. The accusations of conscience can be done away with forever. You can be free of the inner prosecuting attorney who claims you are a miserable excuse of a human being.

The blood of Christ, applied to the holy places in heaven, speaks on your behalf. It bears witness to the inhabitants of heaven that you are a child of God, and that nothing can ever change that.

You have been bought and paid for. Your redemption is eternal.

Application

If you do not yet follow Jesus Christ, I want you to know that it is possible to clean your conscience once and for all. When that nagging voice speaks up to condemn you for the things you have done, it is probably speaking the truth!

It is not healthy to suppress the voice of conscience. And what Jesus does is not suppress the conscience, but satisfy it.

If that voice speaks up to condemn you, but you have placed your trust in Jesus as your King and great high priest, then there is another voice — that of God’s Holy Spirit — who comes and argues with the voice of conscience. He shows forth the blood of Christ spilled once for all on behalf of sin, and then splashed onto the heavenly tent to make it welcoming and accessible to God’s children for the rest of time.

You don’t have access to God, or to the satisfaction of conscience, unless Jesus is your King and master.

So if you do follow Jesus, and you trust him as your high priest, then you can now serve God with a pure conscience.

You don’t have to worry about when the hammer will fall, or whether you will get swept away in the coming judgment. You have been rescued, redeemed, bought and paid for. And that redemption is eternal.

The blood of Jesus decorates the heavenly tent for the rest of time. And the resurrected Jesus himself dwells there, bodily, for the rest of time.

There is no outer room to keep you out, but only a single room, testifying forever to your eternal redemption. Such an eternal redemption does wonders for your conscience.

‌But That’s Not All

Now that would be wonderful enough — to have a redemption that can’t ever be brought into question. But our text doesn’t stop there.

It’s one thing to have judgment and accusation removed from you, but how do you ever know that it really worked? Wouldn’t it be nice to have a tangible and specific affirmation to signal your newfound security? Something to remind yourself of on those days when the voice of accusation rears back up?

That’s where he goes in the rest of the chapter, which I’ll cover in another post.

Jesus is the Best Thing for Your Conscience

October 13, 2023 By Peter Krol

A person’s conscience is a funny thing.

‌My earliest memory of what I would consider my “conscience” involves a little orange newt I found when I was 6 or 7 years old. I picked it up and thought it would be fun to throw it as hard as I could into a brick wall at point blank range.

‌Far from being fun, it made me feel sick to my stomach.

‌A little voice in my head informed me that I was a poor excuse for a human being. And that voice was right.

‌I tried to cover my tracks, so nobody would know of my dark deeds. But I still just couldn’t stand the time spent waiting for others to return to my location, and potentially catch me red-handed.

eastern newt on ground — Photo by Connor McManus on Pexels.com

‌What about you? What sort of run-ins have you had with your conscience? And what is it like to wait for the eventual return of King Jesus?

‌Does your conscience inject your waiting with anxiety at what he will find, or with eagerness for his justice?

‌Maybe your conscience still accuses you of things you have done. Maybe it reminds you of your past, or of the secret desires you don’t wish to speak about openly. Maybe your conscience gives you a clean bill of health … for now.

‌Regardless, Hebrews 9 has some really good news for you: Jesus is the best thing for your conscience.

The chapter divides into two main sections. The first section (Heb 9:1-14) describes the “regulations for worship and an earthly place of holiness” (Heb 9:1), culminating in the assurance of eternal redemption (Heb 9:12) through the eternal Spirit (Heb 9:14). The second section (Heb 9:15-28) elaborates on Jesus’ new covenant mediation, which provides an eternal inheritance (Heb 9:15).

‌So Jesus is the best thing for your conscience — for those two reasons. He provides an eternal redemption, and he promises an eternal inheritance.

‌If Jesus is your priest, nobody can take these things away. Your redemption. Your inheritance. And these two things will have a profoundly cleansing effect on your conscience.

Over the next few weeks, I’ll take a closer look at each section of this glorious chapter.

The Shocking Secret to Jesus’ Ministry Success

October 6, 2023 By Peter Krol

There can be no dispute: The main point of the middle section of Hebrews (roughly chapters 3-10) is that, in Jesus, we have a great high priest:

Now the point in what we are saying is this: we have such a high priest, one who is seated at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven, a minister in the holy places, in the true tent that the Lord set up, not man.
Hebrews 8:1-2

Here is one of the rare places in the Bible where the author tells us straight out what is his main point. We don’t have to guess, read between the lines, or check an expositor’s work. Make sure to savor this moment.

The Ministry They Copy

Having savored that moment, we ought to notice that this high priest, who serves the Father in heaven, rules all things. His ministry is more effective than any other. He’s been tremendously successful at what he does.

And don’t fail to observe the precise wording of Heb 8:1 — that priest is the one we have. As long as we rely on him to get us through (Heb 4:14).

He is not like all those other priests on earth, who are merely copycat priests serving God in a copycat place (Heb 8:3-6). Those Jewish priests under the old covenant were crucial components of God’s revelation of himself and his relationship with his people. But that’s primarily because they were copying the priesthood of Jesus.

And now that the bona fide original has appeared, there’s no further need for copycats.

Imagine if your church started a ministry of Elvis impersonation. You could dress in bright sequined leather, wearing bushy wigs and sunglasses. You could help children memorize Bible verses to the tune of “Love Me Tender,” and really connect with older generations as well.

But now imagine that Elvis himself presented himself alive and showed up at your ministry of impersonation. Would you let him join the troupe?

Of course you wouldn’t! First off, he’d show everyone up. And second: it would turn the whole thing into a mockery. The point of impersonation is that you’re trying to be like someone or something else. It would ruin the whole point of it if you’ve got the original present. You can’t impersonate yourself.

That’s what Hebrews 8:4-6 is saying. The tabernacle built by Moses was only a copy of the heavenly tent. But because Jesus’ ministry in heaven is the real deal, in the real temple, his ministry is more excellent (Heb 8:6). Doing the real thing in the real place for it is more excellent than doing a copy of it in a copycat place.

But what makes the “real” ministry of Jesus so excellent? Why is the original better than any copy ever could be?

Because its covenant is enacted on better promises (Heb 8:6b). And … what are those promises?

The People He Has

The first covenant, you see, had faults (Heb 8:7). But the problem wasn’t actually with the covenant. It was with the people (Heb 8:8): “For he finds fault with them when he says…”

Now there’s a manuscript discrepancy there, such that some ancient manuscripts do in fact say that “he finds fault with it when he says.” So I can’t base an entire argument on a single disputed pronoun.

But that’s okay, because the following quotation from Jeremiah 31 fully supports the “them” pronoun in Heb 8:8. When God led the people from Egypt, “they did not continue in my covenant” (Heb 8:9). These are the same people who fell in the wilderness due to hearing but not believing God’s promises (Heb 3-4). Generations later, they persisted in unbelief and were exiled to Babylon.

So the problem with the old covenant was not primarily with the covenant but with the covenant’s people. They were sinners who kept on sinning. They had ways to deal with their sin, but only in copies and shadows. Never the real deal.

In short, God made promises to and about these people in the old covenant. But one thing he never promised was to produce any true knowledge of himself within them.

How are the promises of the new covenant any better? Well, in addition to having a means for true (and not merely foreshadowed) forgiveness (Heb 8:12), God actually promised to make his new people into the sort of people he requires them to be (Heb 8:10-11).

So do you see what is the shocking secret to Jesus’ ministry success? His ministry is better because his covenant is better. And his covenant is better because its promises are better. Its promises are better because they promise to make the people better.

Isn’t that crazy? It’s not that the new people sin less than the old people did. It’s not that the new people are innately good and righteous in a way the old people weren’t.

No, the difference between God’s old people and his new people is simply that he promises to make his new people into the kind of people he expects them to be. That promise was never in place in the old covenant. And that’s why this new covenant is enacted on better promises.

The shocking secret to Jesus’ ministry success is his people. And if you are his, don’t ever forget: You are not pleasing to God because you are spiritually mature. You are spiritually mature because you are pleasing to God. Do not get this backwards.

This is great news for those who draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith (Heb 10:22). But it’s also very, very bad news for those who remain in unbelief (Heb 10:26-27).

Units of Thought in Discourse

January 27, 2023 By Peter Krol

One of the most important observations to make in a passage is the structure. And the way to observe structure is to first identify the parts of the passage (the units of thought) so that you can figure out how those parts relate to one another. In this post I’ll show you some of the ways to recognize the units of thought in a discourse.

What is a Discourse?

Discourse is one of the three text types in Scripture. A discourse is simply a passage where someone is speaking. It could be a speech or sermon. It could be a law code. It could be a letter. It could be a prose prophetic text. But when someone is speaking or teaching, a few particular tools will help us to discern the units of thought in that speech.

Photo by Volodymyr Hryshchenko on Unsplash

Logical Connectors

The first thing to look for is logical connectors. These are words or phrases that signal the movement from one idea to another. Such words include because, since, however, therefore, consequently, for this reason, finally, and many more.

It’s important to observe the use of such logical connectors, but it’s even more important to figure out how they are being used. For example, the word “but” could signal a very narrow and particular contrast between two words (e.g. the contrast between “bronze bases” and “silver hooks” in Ex 38:17). It could signal a larger contrast between clauses (e.g. the contrast between “the patriarchs sold him into Egypt” and “God was with him” in Acts 7:9). Or it could signal a larger contrast between sections or units of thought (e.g. the contrast between “you were” in Eph 2:1-3 and “but God” in Eph 2:4-6).

Noticing these larger, discourse-level transitions (not just word-level or clause-level transitions) helps us to follow the author’s larger argument by identifying his units of thought. For example, in Ephesians, after the blessing of God in Eph 1:3-14, the connector words “for this reason” (Eph 1:15) signal the next section. And there is no discourse-level connector word again until the “therefore” of Eph 2:11. This suggests that Eph 1:15-2:10 are a single unit of thought, explaining Paul’s prayer for the Ephesians to perceive their union with Christ. And the “therefore” section of Eph 2:11-22 explains the practical implications of such union of the entire community with Christ (and therefore with one another).

Transitional and Thesis Statements

In a modern-day sermon, you might hear the preacher say “My first point is…” or “Having seen [the first point], that leads us to consider the matter of [the second point].” These are the sorts of transitional words and phrases speakers use to let their audience know they are moving from one idea to the next. Some biblical discourses do the same thing.

For example, Hebrews 1:4 states a thesis that the Son of God is superior to angels because he has inherited a superior name. Heb 1:5-14 then explains the superiority of the Son, and Heb 2:5-18 demonstrates his superior name. Though there is some application in the middle (Heb 2:1-4), Heb 1:4-2:18 makes one complete unit of thought.

Another example: Eccl 11:7-8 states a thesis that because light is pleasant for the eyes, we ought to rejoice in what God gives and remember that dark days are coming. Eccl 11:9-10 then expands on the command to rejoice in God’s gift of life, and Eccl 12:1-7 expands on the command to remember the Creator before the dark days of old age threaten your joy.

One more example: In the second half of 1 Corinthians, Paul introduces each section with a transitional “concerning [the matters about which you wrote.” These transitional statements clearly inform us how to understand each section, so that we don’t get lost in the details. 1 Cor 7 deals with sexual relationships. 1 Cor 8-11 addresses the matter of food offered to idols. 1 Cor 12-14 covers the topic of spiritual things or spiritual people (the word “gifts” does not appear in the Greek of 1 Cor 12:1 but is added by translators).

Shifts in Content

When distinguishing units of thought in discourse, one final tool to keep in mind is straightforward shifts in content. We see such shifts clearly in Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount where he uses very few direct transitions or connectors. After the blessings (Matt 5:3-12) he discusses salt and light (Matt 5:13-16) and the proper understanding of the Law and the Prophets, against Pharisaic oral tradition (Matt 5:17-48).

Then he does offer a thesis statement in Matt 6:1 to warn us of practicing righteousness before other people, and his shifts in content from giving (Matt 6:2-4) to prayer (Matt 6:5-15) to fasting (Matt 6:16-18) mark the subdivisions under that larger thesis.

Finally, he concludes the sermon with discussion of treasure (Matt 6:19-34), true and false judgments (Matt 7:1-20), and hearing and doing (Matt 7:21-27).

Embedded Discourse

One special type of discourse to watch for is embedded discourse, which is when a speech is placed within another kind of text, such as a narrative. When we’re dealing with embedded discourse, we must not only look for structural markers within the discourse itself. We must also pay close attention to the narrative markers that show the author’s larger purpose.

The Sermon on the Mount is embedded within Matthew’s larger narrative. So while the shifts in content help us to observe structural units of thought within the speech, we must also take note of the narrative frame in Matt 4:23-5:2 and Matt 7:28-29 to grasp not only Jesus’ point but also Matthew’s larger point in recounting the sermon.

Another example: In the Flood narrative, notice the narrative markers “And God said to Noah” (Gen 6:13) and “Then the LORD aid to Noah” (Gen 7:1). Prior to the Flood, God makes two speeches to Noah. We ought not squish them together, as though they were a single set of instructions. The narrator signals that God had two points to make or two sets of instructions for Noah.

Similarly, in Genesis 17, the narrative markers of Gen 17:1, 9, 15, and 22 mark three distinct speeches of God. God had something to say about himself (Gen 17:1-8). Something about Abram (Gen 17:9-14). Something about Sarai (Gen 17:15-21). And then he was done (Gen 27:22). Simply observe how the discourse has been embedded within the narrative, and you have immediately found the main units of thought and thereby the structure.

Conclusion

Discourse texts are some of the most beloved passages in all the Scripture. But we must be careful, for it is remarkably easy to get lost in the details. Employ these four tools—logical connectors, transitional and thesis statements, content shifts, and narrative markers for embedded discourse—to help you find the units of thought, and you’ll be well on your way to grasping the passage’s structure. This matters, because only once you’ve grasped the structure will you be able to draw credible and defensible conclusions about the passage’s main idea.

Helping Schoolchildren Learn to Follow a Book’s Argument

September 9, 2022 By Peter Krol

This year, I have the honor of teaching a course on logic for our local homeschool co-op. Learning logic is a great opportunity for studying the Bible, and studying the Bible is a great opportunity for learning logic. So with my twenty 7th-12th graders, a part of every class period is spent working our way through the book of Hebrews.

I chose Hebrews because it marks with explicit clarity its theses and transitions. (If you’re not sure what I mean, check out my interpretive overview of the book.) So even a group of schoolchildren can spot the chief arguments with much confidence.

In this venue, we are not doing a thorough Bible study. We’re not observing everything that could be observed, and I’m not teaching them to look for literary devices. We’re not spending much time on asking or answering interpretive questions. We’re not looking up the Old Testament quotes in their original context. And we’re not (yet) spending much time in application.

Our goal is simply to identify the skeletal structure of the book’s arguments. This requires careful observation of the grammar, sentence structure, and transitional words and phrases. We want to nail down conclusions and premises, and that’s about it. But even that is helping these kids realize that they are not too young for incredibly satisfying and God-delighting Bible study.

On week 1, we spent about 5 minutes looking at Heb 1:1-3. I asked the students to use their knowledge of grammar to identify the run-on sentence’s main clause. Easy peasy: “God [formerly] spoke by the prophets, but [now] he has spoken by his Son.” Clearly, the weight of the sentence falls on the second half: “God has spoken by his Son.” In no time at all, we had a thesis statement for the entire book.

The following week, we worked through the next few verses of chapter 1 to grasp the first argument in support of the main thesis.

Conclusion: The Son is superior to the angels (Heb 1:4).
Premises in support of this conclusion:
- The Son’s name is superior to that of the angels – Heb 1:4b
- God calls the Son (and not the angels) “Son” – Heb 1:5
- Angels worship the Son; the Son does not worship angels – Heb 1:6
- Angels serve the Son; the Son does not serve angels – Heb 1:7
- And so on.

For homework, I asked them to complete the list by figuring out the remaining premises in the rest of chapter 1.

Now, we could spend much more time here. We could look up the OT quotes to make sure we’re getting the nuances right (that Psalm 2 reference in Heb 1:5 is about far more than just the title “Son”!). We could spend more time on historical background and first-century Jewish beliefs (why is it such a big deal, after all, to prove that the Son is superior to angels?). A more precise and thorough Bible study would require such work. But since, with this class, I’m seeking only to develop the skill of following an argument, what we have here is a great start.

How are you doing in your ability to follow a book’s argument?

Hebrews: God has Spoken by his Son Whose Work is Finished

August 27, 2021 By Peter Krol

Hebrews appears to have been a sermon that was transcribed and then circulated in letter form. This theory explains not only the strange opening—with no greeting or identification of the sender—but also the regular alternation between exposition and application, and the label “word of exhortation” used in the appended postscript (Heb 13:22, phrase also occurs in Acts 13:15). Depending on your pace, you can read the whole book out loud in 45 to 60 minutes, which is a reasonable duration for a sermon. Reading the book with a view toward its live, public delivery helps us to grasp its organization and intentions.

Literary Markers

While it’s not difficult to recognize large cohesive blocks within Hebrews, it is notoriously difficult to nail down the precise beginnings and endings of the sections. I believe this is because of the nature of spoken communication. When a discourse is meant more for the ear than the eye, the transitions will naturally be more audible than visible. They won’t appear in sharp pronouncements, but will normally sound quite transitional. That makes it difficult to know whether those transitional statements belong with the previous section or the following section, as they serve as bridges between both.*

To give a few examples:

Heb 1:4 transitions from the prologue by introducing the first topic of Jesus’ more excellent name making him superior to angels. But it is only the final clause in the run-on sentence that begins at Heb 1:1, so Heb 1:1-4 naturally gets put together when we outline the book.
Heb 2:17-18 both concludes the previous section (“therefore”) and introduces the idea the Jesus has become a merciful and faithful high priest, which becomes the topic of the next section.
Heb 5:9-10 again concludes the previous section, while simultaneously introducing the next topic, broken into three parts: Jesus is perfect, the source of eternal salvation, and a Melchizedekan high priest.

I’ll explain the sermon’s flow of thought further in the walkthrough below, but the remaining transitional statements are found in Heb 10:36-39 and Heb 12:12-13. When the book is read out loud, it is easier to hear how those transitional statements are woven right into the conclusion of the previous section, while also introducing new ideas that get explained further in the following section.

Heb 13:20-21 then concludes the sermon, and Heb 13:22-25 serves as a written note to accompany the transcription.

Thesis

Like any good public lecture, the main thesis comes right at the beginning (Heb 1:1-4). Stripping all the dependent clauses away yields the following as the sentence’s essential grammar: “…God has spoken to us by his Son…who…sat down.” There have been many ways God has spoken before now. But now he has spoken by his radiant, appointed, powerful, and purifying Son. And that Son has now sat down at God’s right hand to rule, as the rest of his work is done. God has spoken. Through this Son. Whose first phase of work is now complete.

That is the big idea of this sermon. There are many reasons to listen to this Son. There are many competing voices that may tempt you to listen to them. But his work is finished in a way that the work of the other voices can never be. Implicitly: Do not reject him who is speaking to you.

Walkthrough

The argument of this sermon is both extraordinary and extraordinarily complex, so I wish to do it justice but will only have the space to use the broadest of strokes. The main thing we ought to see (or hear, if you can read it aloud) is how the transitional statements introduce the main topics. The following exposition then takes up those topics, nearly every time, in reverse order.

Having stated the thesis (that God has spoken to us by his Son who sat down), the preacher’s first explanatory point is that Jesus has become superior to the angels because he’s inherited a more excellent name. In this first point, he does us the kindness of taking his two matters in order. First, Jesus is superior to the angels (Heb 1:5-14). Second, his name is more excellent than theirs (Heb 2:5-18). Between those two expositions is the first point of application: Pay closer attention (Heb 2:1-4)!

The next transitional statement (Heb 2:17-18) takes things in a new direction: Jesus had to become a merciful and faithful high priest. Now the preacher begins his pattern of addressing the subpoints in reverse order. First, Jesus is a faithful high priest, greater than Moses and Joshua (Heb 3:1-4:14). Second, Jesus is a merciful high priest, very much like the Aaronic high priests (Heb 4:15-5:10).

Next transition (Heb 5:9-10): Being made perfect, he became a source of eternal salvation, being designated a high priest after the order of Melchizedek. Before he can really tackle this material, though, he must offer the second application: You have stopped hearing and doing (Heb 5:11-6:20). But then he explains his ideas in reverse order. First, Jesus’ priesthood is in the order of Melchizedek (Heb 7:1-28); he is a better priest. Second, Jesus’ priesthood brings eternal savation (Heb 8:1-9:28); he offers a better covenant in a better tabernacle. Third, Jesus’ priesthood is perfect (Heb 10:1-18); he offers a better sacrifice. This section closes with the third application: Keep helping one another to both hear and do (Heb 10:19-39, this application was previewed in Heb 3:12-13).

Next transition (Heb 10:36-39): You have need of endurance, and we are of those who have faith. He now goes into great detail showing us what faith looks like (Heb 11:1-40) and calling us to run with endurance as we consider the one who endured on our behalf (Heb 12:1-13).

Transition to sermon’s last main section (Heb 12:12-13), which is all application: Straighten that which has grown crooked or lame. Do this first in your walk with God (Heb 12:14-29). Understand how your vertical perspective affects your horizontal relationships (Heb 13:1-6). Then you can straighten out your walk with other people (Heb 13:7-19).

In the sermon’s conclusion (Heb 13:20-21), the preacher return’s to his opening thesis to drive it home. God has spoken in his Son by raising him from the dead. Because the first phase of his work is finished, he may now equip you with everything good that you may do his will. Those who listen to him will be pleasing in God’s sight.

Finally, a personal note has been appended to the sermon, giving a brief update on Timothy’s status and sending greetings from and for the brethren.

Conclusion

Though the argument of Hebrews may appear to meander at times according to the preacher’s stream of consciousness, the transitional statements, and the repetition of key words from those statements in the following section, do illuminate the path he wishes us to follow. Amid the exquisite detail and theology of this masterpiece, let us pay much closer attention to the one who is speaking, that we might keep helping one another to believe and do his word. For the long haul. Forever.

Interpretive Outline

Thesis: God spoke in a Son who sat down – Heb 1:1-4

The Son is superior to angels on account of his more excellent name – Heb 1:4-2:18
- Transition – Heb 1:4
- Superior to angels – Heb 1:5-14
  - Application: Pay closer attention! – Heb 2:1-4
- More excellent name – Heb 2:5-18
The Son is a merciful and faithful high priest – Heb 2:17-5:10
- Transition – Heb 2:17-18
- Faithful high priest – Heb 3:1-4:14
- Merciful high priest – Heb 4:15-5:10
The perfect, Melchizedekan Son brings eternal salvation – Heb 5:9-10:39
- Transition – Heb 5:9-10
- Application: You have stopped hearing and doing – Heb 5:11-6:20
  - Melchizedekan priesthood – Heb 7:1-28
  - Eternal salvation – Heb 8:1-9:28
  - Perfection – Heb 10:1-18
- Application: Keep helping one another to hear and do – Heb 10:19-39
The Son calls us to endurance and faith – Heb 10:36-12:13
- Transition – Heb 10:36-39
- Faith – Heb 11:1-40
- Endurance – Heb 12:1-13
Application: Straighten your walks with God and with people – Heb 12:12-13:19
1. Transition – Heb 12:12-13
2. Walk with God – Heb 12:14-29
3. Connection between walks with God and with people – Heb 13:1-6
4. Walk with people – Heb 13:7-19

Conclusion: May the one who spoke through his Son now equip you to please him – Heb 13:20-21

Postscript: Bear with this word of exhortation! – Heb 13:22-25

*This insight, and therefore much of my outline of Hebrews, is indebted to the keen observations of Albert Vanhoye in his Structure and Message of the Epistle to the Hebrews (affiliate link).

This post is part of a series of interpretive overviews of the books of the Bible.

The Argument of Hebrews 3:1-6

July 28, 2021 By Peter Krol

I appreciate Mike Leake’s reflection on Hebrews 3:1-6, where he walks through the passage’s argument in plain language. Take a gander.

When I read Hebrews 3:1-6 I tend to get that glazed over look on my face. It’s not that I don’t understand the words or even the structure of the sentences. The overall point is pretty simple; namely, Jesus is greater than Moses. But when I’ve read it I’ve always felt like I was missing something.
Why is the author of Hebrews telling us this? How does this serve his argument? I know that Jesus is better than Moses, but what is all this talk about building a house?

Check it out!

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