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No Good Tree Bears Bad Fruit

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oranges

Birgit (2017), public domain

Jesus was a master of metaphor and illustration. Camels fitting through the eye of a needle! A woman turning her house upside down because of a lost coin!

He also spoke of trees and fruit. If you’ve been around the church, you’ve probably heard the saying, “no good tree bears bad fruit.”

So, what does this phrase mean?

Jesus the Preacher

While we hear much from Jesus in the Gospels, we must concede that Jesus preached far more sermons than the Gospel writers recorded. He likely talked with his disciples, preached to the crowds, or taught in the synagogues most every day of his adult ministry.

“Now there are also many other things that Jesus did. Were every one of them to be written, I suppose that the world itself could not contain the books that would be written” (John 21:25).

The phrase “no good tree bears bad fruit” shows up twice in the Gospels, in Matthew 7:18 and Luke 6:43. (The ESV translates the phrase in Matthew as “a healthy tree cannot bear bad fruit.”) This is one of several similarities between Jesus’s sermons in Matthew 5:2–7:27 and Luke 6:20–49. Matthew’s account has been called the “Sermon on the Mount,” and many have assumed that Luke’s version is an excerpt from the same sermon.

But a closer look calls this assumption into question. Not all of Jesus’s sermon in Luke appears in Matthew. (The “woe” pronouncements in Luke 6:24–26 are a prime example.) Also, where the sermons overlap in content they differ in important specifics. (In Luke’s Beatitudes, Jesus blesses the “poor” and the “hungry,” while in Matthew Jesus blesses the “poor in spirit” and those who “hunger and thirst for righteousness.”)

The most straightforward conclusion is that these are different sermons. Anyone who has spent time around a preacher knows that favorite phrases and illustrations show up in different settings for different purposes.

Matthew 7

In Matthew 7, Jesus uses the tree/fruit illustration to help his disciples spot false prophets.

“Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep’s clothing but inwardly are ravenous wolves. You will recognize them by their fruits. Are grapes gathered from thornbushes, or figs from thistles? So, every healthy tree bears good fruit, but the diseased tree bears bad fruit. A healthy tree cannot bear bad fruit, nor can a diseased tree bear good fruit. Every tree that does not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the fire. Thus you will recognize them by their fruits.” (Matthew 7:15–20)

Consider the larger passage. In Matt 7:13–14 Jesus speaks about the wide and narrow gates leading (respectively) to destruction and life. In Matt 7:21–23 Jesus warns that not everyone who calls him “Lord” and claims to have worked in his name will enter the kingdom of heaven. Some he will throw out as “workers of lawlessness.” Jesus is teaching about the way to life—who’s in and who’s out?

Jesus wants his disciples to identify those who do not bear good fruit, especially when they claim to follow him. And what fruit did Jesus have in mind? “Judge not” (Matt 7:1). “Take the log out of your own eye” (Matt 7:5). Ask the Father for good things (Matt 7:7–11). Treat others the same way you want them to treat you (Matt 7:12). In summary, build a solid house by hearing and obeying Jesus (Matt 7:24–27).

Luke 6

Let’s take a look at the tree/fruit illustration in Luke.

“For no good tree bears bad fruit, nor again does a bad tree bear good fruit, for each tree is known by its own fruit. For figs are not gathered from thornbushes, nor are grapes picked from a bramble bush. The good person out of the good treasure of his heart produces good, and the evil person out of his evil treasure produces evil, for out of the abundance of the heart his mouth speaks.” (Luke 6:43–45)

The word “for” at the beginning of verse 43 points to the previous section, where Jesus commands his disciples not to be hypocrites, but to remove the log from their own eyes before taking a speck out of a brother’s eye (Luke 6:41–42). This caution flows from Jesus’s warning not to judge others (Luke 6:37–38).

Significantly, there is no mention of false prophets in this section of the sermon. Instead, Jesus speaks of fruit as the overflow of the heart.

Coming on the heels of the exhortation to “take the log out of your own eye,” the implication is clear. Jesus’s disciples must examine their own hearts. When they see bad fruit, it is the result of lingering evil in their hearts.

Context!

Back to our original question. What does the phrase “no good tree bears bad fruit” mean? I hope by now the answer is clear. It depends!

Words and phrases have little to no meaning when lifted from their context. This is true for our own words; how much more is it true of Holy Scripture!?

So, when reading Jesus’s sermons, or any part of the Bible, pay attention to the context. Observe and interpret accordingly. And as you apply the truths of the Bible, you also will bear much fruit.

This post was originally published in 2018.

Answers to Christmas Observation Exercise

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Last week, I posted some questions to see how well you’ve observed the birth narratives in Matthew 1-2, Luke 1-2, and Revelation 12. I now come bearing answers.

  1. In a dream (Matt 1:20)
  2. He came to her in a city of Galilee called Nazareth (Luke 1:26-28)
  3. An angel of the Lord (Matt 1:20)
  4. Gabriel (Luke 1:26)
  5. Both (Matt 1:21, Luke 1:31)
  6. Immanuel (Matt 1:22-23)
  7. The Son of the Most High (Luke 1:32)
  8. Joseph (Matt 1:25). Luke 2:21 does not specify which parent named him, but Matt 1:25 does.
  9. A great red dragon (Rev 12:3-4), who is the ancient serpent, called the devil and Satan (Rev 12:9).
  10. Herod (Matt 2:16)
  11. A house (Matt 2:11)

How Well Have You Observed the Birth Narratives?

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For your Christmas cheer, here is a little quiz. How well have you observed the narratives of Jesus’ birth over the years? First, try this without looking. Then check out Matthew 1-2, Luke 1-2, and Revelation 12 for any answers you struggled to remember. Or go ahead and read those passages first, then come back here to see how well you observed them?

  1. In what form or setting did the angel appear to Joseph, when he told him Mary would have a child?
  2. In what form or setting did the angel appear to Mary, when he told her she would have a child?
  3. Which angel appeared to Joseph?
  4. Which angel appeared to Mary?
  5. Which parent—Mary or Joseph—was told to name the child Jesus?
  6. What other name does Matthew say the child will be called?
  7. What other name does Luke say the child will be called?
  8. Which parent—Mary or Joseph—actually named him Jesus when he was born?
  9. Who was waiting to kill Jesus right before he was born?
  10. Who tried to kill him shortly after he was born?
  11. In what sort of structure was Jesus located when the wise men met him and fell down to worship him?

I will post the answers next week so you can see how you did.

A Darkened Sun and Falling Stars

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When Jesus spoke of the sun being darkened, the moon not giving light, and the stars falling from heaven (Mark 13:24-25), was he talking about the end of the world? Or was he using prophetic terminology for the fall of Jerusalem?

Michael Bird tackles the issue in a lengthy but carefully argued article that would be well worth your time. Looking at the entire “Olivet Discourse,” he argues that:

…the discourse needs to be situated in the context of Jesus’s mission; namely, the preaching of the kingdom (Mark 1:15) and the restoration of Israel (Matt 10:5–6; 15:27; Mark 7:27; Rom 15:8). Jesus announced that Israel was facing a national crisis, that it had to choose how to be Israel. He explained how to be God’s chosen people to some who were choosing the path of violent revolution, to those who were following the pattern and piety of the Pharisees, to those who accepted the status quo of the Herodians, and to those who put put up with the moral and mercantile corruption of the priesthood. He gave them options: follow his way of being Israel, or else find the holy city laid waste and the sanctuary itself desecrated and destroyed.

Bird concedes that Matthew’s version of the Olivet Discourse (Matt 24-25) does contain a preview of the final judgment. But Mark and Luke appear to be squarely focused on events surrounding Rome’s assault on Jerusalem in AD 70.

Bird makes his case from both literary and historical contexts, and whether you end up agreeing with him or not, his article is well worth your time and consideration.

Check it out!

3 Implications of the Fact that Bible Application is for Everybody

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In the “longer ending” of Mark’s gospel, Jesus says, “Go into all the world and proclaim the gospel to the whole creation” (Mark 16:15). Though some dispute the authenticity of Mark’s longer ending, I’m not aware of anyone disputing this fundamental instruction for the Christian Church (Matt 28:18-20, Col 1:23, Rev 14:6).

From this command, we can deduce that the Bible (which preserves and explains the gospel) has relevance to all people in all the world. That, in turn, means that anybody, anywhere, at any time in history can apply the Bible.

Perhaps that fact seems obvious. But what are some of its implications?

flowers and fruits on a table
Photo by Jill Wellington on Pexels.com

1. The same application will land differently in different cultures

Jesus warns that “If anyone comes to me and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple” (Luke 14:26). Practical applications of this warning are generally not terribly controversial in western dignity cultures, but they are far more difficult and excruciating for those in eastern honor cultures.

By contrast, Jesus said that “everyone who divorces his wife, except on the ground of sexual immorality, makes her commit adultery, and whoever marries a divorced woman commits adultery” (Matt 5:32). Eastern honor cultures may tend to follow this command more closely, while those in western dignity cultures sometimes tend to focus more on the exceptions than the rule itself.

2. Different people may legitimately adopt opposite applications

Jesus told one person that following him meant leaving his family behind (Luke 9:59-60). He told another person that following him meant returning to his family (Mark 5:19-20).

He told one guy to sell everything and give it to the poor (Mark 10:21-22). He told others to make different use of their money (Luke 16:9).

The point is that many applications that fit your situation will not fit other people’s situations. The same principle (e.g. investing in eternity) may take different expression for different people. Let each be fully convinced in their own mind (Rom 14:5).

3. Particular applications may mature along with the person

A child-like faith is to be commended (Mark 10:15). A childish approach to human relationship is not (1 Cor 13:11, 16:13).

For one person, simply saying “hello” to a stranger might be an act of selfless obedience to Christ. But as that person matures, that “hello” ought to grow into more mature expressions of evangelism and love for neighbor.

Bible application is for everybody. What other implications of that fact can you think of?

The Treasure: Introducing Children to the Faith

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Marty Machowski has developed quite a body of educational and devotional works for children. I’m quite a fan of The Gospel Story for Kids curriculum, which my church uses, along with The Gospel Story Bible, which covers a wide variety of Bible stories beautifully.

So I was eager to see his new work taking children through the books of Luke and Acts: The Treasure: Ancient Story Ever New of Jesus and His Church. I’m grateful to New Growth Press for providing a review copy in exchange for an honest review.

What It Is

The Treasure is largely a devotional work, but not in the sense of providing a lesson plan or list of discussion questions. It’s more of a storybook Bible with devotional entries providing something to reflect on in light of Scripture readings.

Interspersed throughout are 12 chapters of an original story. A pair of young siblings growing up on a Greek isle discover some old journals reflecting on the teachings of Luke and Acts.

The physical book holds the same high production quality I’ve come to expect from New Growth Press’s children’s works. It’s larger size is on par with The Gospel Story Bible and The Radical Book for Kids. The thick semi-glossy paper gives the book quite a bit of heft, making it delightful to hold and read aloud. The cover and binding are strong and sturdy.

What It Does Well

This book provides a clear and accessible introduction to the Christian faith through the lens of Luke and Acts. For that reason, it’s not exhaustive or doctrinally thorough. But it does what a storybook Bible does best: It tells the “ancient story ever new.”

The devotions in these pages walk straight through Luke and Acts, covering topics as they arise in the text. Each devotion has a Scripture reading, followed by a one-page reflection on something from the passage, always connecting it to the story of Christ and to his children today.

For example, in one entry, we’re told to read Luke 5:17-26 (Jesus healing a paralytic after forgiving his sins). Then Machowski’s comments talk about how someone could prove their physical strength by lifting a 300-pound barbell in front of their friends. Then he describes how Jesus did something even more amazing by healing the lame man to prove his ability to forgive sins.

The main divisions of The Treasure follow the literary divisions of Luke and Acts. So the contours of the Scripture drive the ebbs and flows of Machowski’s reflections.

The original story about the Greek children was my favorite part of the book, as Machowski tells a charming tale of their search for hidden treasure. Though the story’s climax comes across a little contrived—the character development to that point did not quite support it—the story remains engaging to the end.

What Could Be Better

I chose to review this book because I’m always interested in children’s resources that claim to help children study the Bible. From the back cover: “In The Treasure, Marty Machowski weaves a Bible study of the books of Luke and Acts with a fictional story.” And I’ve really loved Machowski’s prior devotional works. I was eager to see what he did here with Luke and Acts.

And I want to reiterate what I wrote above: This book provides a clear and accessible introduction to the Christian faith through the lens of Luke and Acts.

But with that said, I must be honest that Machowski does not quite succeed at the promise of providing a Bible study of Luke and Acts. I would describe the book as a series of devotional, theological reflections on some things inspired by the text of Luke and Acts. It does not actually provide a Bible study of Luke and Acts.

For example, the entry on Acts 15:36-16:5 reflects on the nature of conflict and how nobody is perfect. But it fails to explain the role played by the separation of Paul and Barnabas in Luke’s narrative agenda.

For another example, the entry on Luke 3:1-20 spends nearly as much time discussing John’s account of the Baptist’s ministry as the account at hand in Luke. This pattern is common: Machowski quickly bounces from Luke or Acts out to numerous cross-references that speak further on the theological topic under consideration. All to the detriment of providing and understanding of Luke’s own message.

Conclusion

I am delighted to have and to have read The Treasure. As a child’s introduction to Christianity through the lens of Luke and Acts, it succeeds marvelously. But as a child’s Bible study of Luke and Acts, it is less than could be hoped for. I’m happy to recommend it as a primer on the story and doctrines of Jesus Christ. But if you’re looking for a way to strengthen your children’s grasp of the books of Luke and Acts, you may need to supplement what you find here.

You can find it Amazon, Westminster, or New Growth.

Disclaimer: As you go searching for treasure, you should know that external links are affiliate links. You will provide some small treasure to this blog when you click them. We are grateful for your support.

How to Read the Sermon on the Plain

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When studying a passage in the gospels, we must handle parallel passages with care. We’ll make better use of the parallels if we don’t merely harmonize but illuminate.

For example, let’s take Luke’s Sermon on the Plain in Luke 6. Much time could be spent on the question of harmonization: Is this the same sermon as Matthew’s Sermon on the Mount, or not? How do we harmonize these two extensive teachings of Jesus?

But that question of harmonization is not nearly as important as the following:

  • What is Luke’s message in Luke 6?
  • What is Matthew’s message in Matthew 5-7?

Those questions may not have the same answer!

To help you with this example, let me recommend an article called “The Sermon on the Plain: What It Is & How It Differs from the Sermon on the Mount.” I wrote this article to analyze some of the similarities and differences between the two sermons. But ultimately, I wanted to get to these four suggestions:

  1. Don’t be distracted by the Mount/Plain question
  2. Read the entire sermon as a sermon
  3. Read the sermon in the context of Luke’s Gospel
  4. Read, read, and read again

Check it out!

The Titles of Jesus in Luke

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Cory Doctorow (2014), Creative Commons

All authors employ names and titles to convey meaning in their work. The biblical writers are no exception.

I’m in the middle of a project examining the use of titles and names for Jesus in the Gospels. My first article laid out my methodology and looked at the top 10 titles of Jesus in the Gospels. I recently wrote about the titles of Jesus in Matthew and Mark, and today we turn to the Gospel of Luke.

Top 7 Titles

Luke uses 122 titles for Jesus. So while Luke contains 30.5% of the verses in the Gospels, it contains only 27.5% (122/443) of the titles.

Here are the top 7 titles in Luke. (I’ve included 7 instead of 5 because of equal numbers at the end of this list.)

  1. Lord (35 times)
  2. Son of Man (25 times)
  3. teacher (13 times)
  4. Christ (7 times)
  5. Master (5 times)
  6. Son (5 times)
  7. Son of God (5 times)

Titles Used by Luke

Luke is notable in that he himself used titles for Jesus more than Matthew (10 times) or Mark (5 times). Luke referred to Jesus by a title 16 times. He called Jesus “Lord” 13 times, “Christ” two times, and “son (as was supposed) of Joseph” once.

Compared to the writers of the first two Gospels, it seems Luke had a favorite way of referring to Jesus. This is likely related to why that particular title is used so much by other characters in Luke’s Gospel.

Titles and Luke’s Purpose

Courtesy of my co-blogger Peter Krol, we have an abundance of resources on this website related to the Gospel of Luke. Most of these articles are linked from Peter’s Interpretive Overview of Luke.

Peter stated the main point of Luke this way.

The hope of Israel, God’s plan of salvation for the world, has arrived in Jesus.

Can we draw any connections between this main point and the titles of Jesus that Luke uses?

We must remember that Luke was a historian. He wrote these investigative accounts (Luke and Acts) to “most excellent Theophilus” so that he might “have certainty concerning the things [he has] been taught” (Luke 1:3-4).

In addition to being a historian, Luke was a companion of the apostle Paul. There are moments in the narrative of Acts (such as in chapter 21) where Luke’s account shifts from “they” to “we.”

I noted above that Luke himself used the title “Lord” for Jesus quite a bit in his Gospel (13 times). When I look at those occurrences, I can’t detect any trends or patterns. I can only conclude that “Lord” was simply a natural way for Luke to refer to Jesus.

And upon reflection, this makes sense, doesn’t it? Who better to write an accurate historical account of Jesus’s life and ministry—in addition to an account of his followers in the years after his death—than someone who called him “Lord”? Luke could masterfully write about God’s salvation for the world arriving in Jesus because that same salvation had come to him.

Luke was not a modern historian, writing in stuffy remove and objectivity. Luke wrote as an ancient historian—accurate, yes, but with an accuracy compelled by love of his subject.

Why Summaries are Not the Same as Main Points

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I want you to understand that you can get the main point of a Bible passage you’re studying. That’s why, in addition to providing some techniques, I’ve given you a number of examples from different text types in the Bible.

Before we move into application, there’s one last thing you should know about main points: They are not the same as summaries.

one black chess piece separated from red pawn chess pieces
Photo by Markus Spiske on Pexels.com

Definitions

An accurate summary may be the climax of observation, but a main point is the climax of interpretation. A summary states what the passage says; a main point states what the passage means. A summary describes what happens; a main point captures the text’s essential argument.

A summary of Prov 31:10-31 might be “a description of a virtuous woman,” but the main point is to show what sort of woman is worthy of praise.

A summary of Luke 18:1-30 might be “parables and conversations about prayer, righteousness, and the kingdom of God,” but the main point is that the kingdom of God comes when people humble themselves, receive it as children, and leave some things to gain everything.

A summary of Ephesians 4 might be “unity in the body of Christ, and the new life,” but the main point is that diversity shouldn’t divide the church; but when it does, stop thinking about it the way Gentiles do

Uses

Why does this distinction matter?

Sometimes folks who study the Bible mistake the main point for a summary. They put in the work of analyzing a text and they can outline its contents. But it’s dangerous to then take those contents and attempt to apply them, because they have little rational basis for applying them in one way and not another.

A summary is most helpful when you need to find something or remember where it’s located in the Scriptures. (“There’s a great parable about two men who prayed to God from a desire to be righteous before him. Let’s take a look at Luke 18 to see how that worked out for them.”) But a main point is crucial when it comes time to provoke change unto Christlikeness.

We’re on shaky ground if we apply only select details of a text to our lives. It’s shaky because it’s possible to go in nearly any direction with application. Using only the details enables us to steer the ship of our own lives on a heading most pleasing to us.

But the best way to express submission to the Scripture and the Holy Spirit who inspired them is to grasp the author’s main point. Then there’s nowhere to hide and we must give account to the one who exposes our every thought, word, and deed.

That’s right: A clear grasp of the author’s main point is the best way to ensure your application is clear, direct, and organically arising from the text and not from your own invention.

An Example

For example, Genesis 1 clearly teaches about the creation of the world. There’s your summary of the chapter: The creation of the world. But until we can explain—from the text!—why this chapter narrates the creation of the world in the way it does, we have not yet grappled with the author’s agenda. His message. His main point.

So if all we come away with is “the creation of the world,” then we can apply the text in all sorts of ways. We can expect folks to line up with a particular view of how the creation took place. We can promote it as something to be taught in schools. We can debate the findings or usefulness of scientific theories based on their relationship to the details of Genesis 1.

Please note: I am not saying that any of those applications are necessarily bad things to do. I would argue only that they are somewhat ancillary to the author’s main message. Therefore, we’re in danger of putting most of our attention on things other than the thing the Lord wanted us to get from this text. And the Lord Jesus tends not to look favorably on those who ignore the “weightier matters” of his word in favor of secondary matters, however true those secondary matters might be.

In my book Knowable Word, I argue that the main point of Genesis 1 is that God’s creative work sets a pattern for human dominion of the earth—a pattern of illuminating, shaping, and filling. Every detail in the text moves the reader in this direction. I would argue that God certainly did the creation the way he describes it in this chapter; this is neither theological poetry nor historical fiction. However, the mechanics of the act of creation are not the main thing; the main thing is the pattern set for humanity.

Once we recognize the author’s intent to establish a divine pattern for human dominion—for the way life on earth was designed to work best—we’re ready to develop robust application for any community, anywhere in the world. We’ll understand how this pattern becomes the template for evaluating what happens to humanity in the rest of Genesis, and the rest of the Bible. And we’ll take greater delight in the Lord Jesus who lived out the pattern on behalf of his people and now transforms them to follow him in it.

Better Than a Wild Guess

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I’ve argued that you can get the main point; you’re not reduced to making a wild guess every time you study a passage. A few key skills will be most helpful:

Let me show you some brief examples of how this works.

Photo by Tingey Injury Law Firm on Unsplash

Luke 18:1-30

This passage consists of four brief scenes:

  • A parable: God’s elect ought to never stop praying for justice against adversaries – Luke 18:1-8
  • A parable: Everyone who exalts self will be humbled; those who humble self will be exalted – Luke 18:9-14
  • A conversation: Whoever does not receive the kingdom of God like a child shall not enter it – Luke 18:15-17
  • A conversation: Whoever leaves some things for the kingdom of God will gain everything – Luke 18:18-30

According to context and flow of thought, this passage sits within the section of Jesus’ journey to Jerusalem, where Jesus is answering the question: When will the kingdom of God come (Luke 17:20)? So the parable about praying (Luke 18:18) is not about just any prayer, but about the prayer for the kingdom to come, and with it to bring justice for God’s people (Luke 18:5, 7, 8). It’s all about the timing of the kingdom: “Will he delay long over them?” (Luke 18:7).

The following three scenes then flesh out the answer to a crucial question. Even if the kingdom were to come, would the Son of Man find faith on the earth? (Luke 18:8). That answer comes in three pieces. The kingdom of God comes when people:

  • humble themselves,
  • receive it as children, and
  • leave some things to gain everything

That’s what true faith looks like.

So what is the main point being communicated through this structure and train of thought? The kingdom of God comes when people humble themselves, receive it as children, and leave some things to gain everything.

Ephesians 4

The chapter has two units of thought, each beginning with a command to “walk” (Eph 4:1, 17).

The first section issues a call to unity (Eph 4:1-3) along with two reasons why diversity shouldn’t divide the church:

  • Eph 4:4-6: The unity of the diverse Trinity
  • Eph 4:7-16: The gracious gifts of the ascended Christ

The second section explains what to do when diversity does end up threatening unity (17-24) with a series of four case studies (25-32) that demonstrate the exact process laid out in 22-24.

  • Eph 4: 17-24: Don’t be like the Gentiles, but put off the old humanity, renew your mind, and put on the new humanity
  • Case studies that demonstrate all three steps:
    • Eph 4:25: Lies
    • Eph 4:26-27: Sinful anger
    • Eph 4:28: Theft
    • Eph 4:29: Rotten speech
    • Eph 4:30-32: Concluding summary

The main point: Diversity shouldn’t divide the church, but when it does, stop thinking about it the way Gentiles do.

Ephesians 5

The “therefore” in Eph 5:1 signals the conclusion to the previous chapter, which becomes the thesis for the following chapter. The repetition of “walk,” along with shifts in metaphor then signal the supporting arguments.

  • Eph 5:1: Thesis: We ought to imitate God. We do that by:
    • Eph 5:2-6: Walking in love
    • Eph 5:7-14: Walking in light
    • Eph 5:15-21: Walking in wisdom
      • Eph 5:18: One aspect of wisdom is being filled with the Spirit.
        • Eph 5:21: One aspect of being filled with the Spirit is submission to authority.
          • Eph 5:22-6:9: Three case studies in such submission.

According to the logic and grammatical signals, Paul continues drilling his argument down to a finer and finer point. But as we study (or teach) what he says about marriage, parenting, or slavery, we ought not miss the fact that these are all, ultimately, examples of how to walk in wisdom in imitation of God.

The main point: We imitate God by rooting our lives in his love, his light, and his wisdom.

Conclusion

Please know that I am not offering these main points as definitive or unquestionable. These main points are only the best I can do with my current understanding of those texts. But they are open to debate or sharpening.

Some of my favorite small group discussions take place when others challenge what I thought was the main point. When folks do that well, through careful observation and interpretation of the text, we all win.

Next week, I’ll give a few more examples from poetic texts.