Isaiah | Knowable Word

No Substitute for God

October 23, 2023 By Ryan Higginbottom

In the kitchen, some food substitutions work better than others. Swap oil for applesauce? Sure! Use almond or soy milk for your lactose-sensitive friends? Unnoticeable. Cut some butter in favor of plain yogurt? Absolutely.

But other replacements don’t cut the mustard. Gluten-free bread doesn’t behave like bread. Fat-free cheese won’t melt. Tofu? No thanks.

Tim Sackton (2012), Creative Commons License

But the altar is unlike the oven. Though we know nothing measures up to God, our hearts are prone to wander. How does God react to his children’s idolatry? Isaiah 31:1–9 gives us a glimpse.

The Alliance With Egypt

In a previous post we saw Judah seek protection from Assyria through a sinful alliance with Egypt. Isaiah tells us that Judah turned to “horses,” “chariots,” and “horsemen” instead of looking to God (Is 31:1). Why did Judah trust Egypt? What are the consequences of that misplaced trust?

Isaiah writes that Judah “trust[s] in chariots because they are many and in horsemen because they are very strong” (Is 31:1). Were the chariots and horsemen of Egypt really stronger and more able than God? Judah’s betrayal was that they did “not look to the Holy One of Israel, or consult the Lord.”

God’s reaction to this treason springs from his character: he is “wise” and he “does not call back his words” (Is 31:2). He will turn against Egypt, the “helpers” who “work iniquity.” We read the obvious contrasts: “the Egyptians are man, and not God, and their horses are flesh, and not spirit” (Is 31:3). Isaiah highlights these disparities both to emphasize the inability of Egypt to resist “when the Lord stretches out his hand” and to finish the rebuke begun in Is 31:1.

Notice that Egypt and Judah share a fate: “they will all perish together” (Is 31:3). As we saw when studying Isaiah 30, God often punishes sin by bringing about its natural consequences. Judah sinned by aligning with Egypt, so they will share Egypt’s demise. The alliance they pursued for life has resulted in death.

Like a Lion, Like Birds

We read of two similies for God’s posture toward his people in Is 31:4–5. In Is 31:4, Isaiah compares God to a lion who “growls over his prey.” The “band of shepherds” (Egypt) tries to rescue the prey (Judah) from the lion, but the lion “is not terrified by their shouting or daunted at their noise.”

Does it bother you that God compares Judah to a lion’s prey? God is jealous for his people—he will discipline them as he pleases, with no unwanted interference.

This same “Lord of hosts” (repeated in Is 31:4 and Is 31:5) who will wage war on Mount Zion (Is 31:4 NASB) will also protect Jerusalem like hovering birds. God will “protect and deliver” and “spare and rescue” his people, a fourfold blessing of protection.

A natural question is, from whom/what is God delivering Judah? On the one hand, God is rescuing his people from their earthly enemies. But put these two figures together—if Judah is like a lion’s prey, then God is also sparing Judah from himself.

Can you see your Savior here? In Jesus, God rescues us from his own just wrath. The Father spares us by devouring his son like lion’s prey. We are protected because Jesus was not.

Turn to God!

In Is 31:6 NASB, Isaiah exhorts Judah to return to God from whom they have “deeply defected.” What an accusation! Defected means Judah has not merely forgotten God or somehow grown apathetic, but they have turned against him! A defector doesn’t quit military service, he wages war against his former allies. “Defector” is the charge leveled against idolators. If we worship anything other than God (and we do), we are traitors.

Isaiah tries to persuade Judah to return to God in Is 31:7 by writing that “everyone shall cast away his idols.” Is this a convincing argument?

There is no doubt about the sinfulness of idols: we see “idols” twice along with “sinful” and “sin” in Is 31:7 NASB. But the glory of the Lord will be so great “in that day” that “everyone” will discard their idols. If that is true about this glorious, future day, why not start now? You’ve defected from him—waste no time in turning back!

God Fights for His Own

Along with a return to God and the smashing of idols, in that day “the Assyrian shall fall” (Is 31:8). We saw God’s willingness to fight for his people in Is 30:32 and we see it again here with the repetition of “a sword, not of man.” God’s sword will slay the Assyrian.

In addition to death, God will bring slavery, panic, and terror to the Assyrians (Is 31:8–9). God is not to be opposed. If you wage war against his people, you may feel his “fire” or be subject to his “furnace” (Is 31:9).

Return to God through his Son

Isaiah’s message is clear. Do not trust in replacements for God. Return to God—he will discipline, protect, and deliver his people. But we take no Christian meaning from the chapter unless we consider Jesus.

Jesus died for our idolatry. The Lord “stretch[ed] out his hand” against Jesus in terrible judgment. Though he had opportunity (Matt 4:1–11), Jesus never (not once!) trusted anyone except his Father.

Jesus makes it safe for deep defectors to return to God. Because Jesus (the faithful, loyal one) was treated as a traitor, we are welcomed as sons and daughters of God. For those who are in Christ, we are no longer enemies of God, and God will take vengeance on our behalf (Rom 12:19).

Application

Consider these questions as you apply the truths of this chapter.

How can we identify our replacements for God? How can we help each other identify these replacements?
What are the barriers we might face to helping each other in this way?
How should we call each other to return to God? How can we be the sort of people that can be called back to God by our friends?

The Prodigal Son in Isaiah

October 9, 2023 By Ryan Higginbottom

Why are some of Jesus’s parables more popular than others? The story of the prodigal son, for example—why do we hear so much about it? The return of a wayward child strikes a deep chord. We all know friends, siblings, or church members who have turned away from God. We long for the joyful return described in Luke 15.

Isaiah 30 presents an Old Testament precursor to this story. This chapter describes the despicable idolatry of Judah and the lavish love of God the Father.

laura.bell (2009), Creative Commons License

First, a bit of history: Isaiah prophesied to the kingdom of Judah from 740 BC until at least 681 BC. Assyria was the major political and military power of the time and the nations around Assyria lived in fear. These countries often negotiated alliances among themselves for protection. Judah, despite being commanded to the contrary, was not immune to this temptation.

Judah’s Alliance with Egypt

In Is 30:1–5, Isaiah lays out God’s displeasure with Judah. They are “stubborn children” (Is 30:1) who “set out to go down to Egypt without asking for my direction” (Is 30:2). They do this in order to “take refuge in the protection of Pharaoh” (Is 30:3).

Catch the irony—the dominant Old Testament story of deliverance (the exodus) is powerful because of how ruthless, bloodthirsty, and oppressive Pharaoh was toward God’s people. In the history of Israel, Egypt is a place of death! So how can Judah now seek life there?!

Isaiah tells us that Judah’s alliance with Egypt won’t even be successful. Notice the words “shame” and “humiliation” in Is 30:3 and Is 30:5. Why will they be ashamed? Because Egypt is “a people that cannot profit them” (Is 30:5).

The worthlessness of Egypt’s help reappears in Isaiah’s poem (Is 30:6–7). Notice especially in Is 30:7 where God says that “Egypt’s help is worthless and empty” and he refers to Egypt (“Rahab”) as a “Do-Nothing” (Is 30:7 NIV). There is more sad irony in this poem: God once led Israel out of Egypt full of treasure plundered from the Egyptians (Ex 12:35–36), but now Judah carries treasure back to Egypt (Is 30:6) as payment for protection.

A Rebellious People

Isaiah presented the basic accusation against Judah in Is 30:1–2; he now presents a deeper charge in Is 30:8–11. The children of God are not behaving like true children (Is 30:9), because they are “unwilling to hear the instruction of the Lord.” In this refusal, they don’t silence the prophets, they merely limit their speech. They don’t want to hear “what is right.” They only want to hear “pleasant words” and “illusions” (Is 30:10 NASB). And in a very revealing way, they want to hear “no more about the Holy One of Israel” (Is 30:11).

Note the clear connection between rejecting God and rejecting his word. The people realize that hearing a true prophetic word would mean being confronted with the Holy One, and they want no part of that. Since this Holy One is their father, they are acting like “lying children” indeed (Is 30:9).

A Word From God

As much as Judah didn’t want to hear from the “Holy One” (Is 30:11), they will hear from the Holy One (Is 30:12,15)! After summarizing Judah’s sin in Is 30:12, God details the consequences. Of the two violent metaphors used in Is 30:13 and Is 30:14, I found the smashing of the pottery particularly vivid. The jar will be shattered so completely that no useful piece will remain (Is 30:14).

Isaiah describes Judah’s refusal of God’s word and the corresponding punishment in general terms in Is 30:12–14, but he is quite specific in Is 30:15–17. In Is 30:15 we see the posture God requires for salvation. This is the word Judah rejected—God’s people had put their trust in the wrong place.

It is striking to read (Is 30:16–17) how God will punish Judah for their sin: He gives them what they want! They want to flee on horses, and God says they shall flee; Judah wants to ride swiftly, so God says their pursuers will be swift indeed. This is an astounding aspect of the way God punishes idolatry—idolatry is so terrible that receiving what we sought is an awful punishment.

God Waits to be Gracious

As we consider Isaiah 30:18–26, we transition from looking at the faithlessness of Judah to the faithfulness of God. God always relates to Israel/Judah as a loving father relates to his children.

Notice the way that God “longs” and “waits” to be gracious to Judah (Is 30:18 NASB). God is eager, on the edge of his seat to show compassion. But this is not separate from his character as the “God of justice.” In fact, he would be unjust if he let his children sin without consequence; he wants them once again to “long for him” (Is 30:18 NASB). Can you recognize the father of the prodigal son (Luke 15:20)?

When the people turn back to God and he answers their cry—this is a glorious reunion! “He will surely be gracious” to Judah (Is 30:19). “He will no longer hide himself” but Judah will behold their God (Is 30:20 NASB). Notice how great a reward God himself is in this passage! When Judah returns to God, they will see him (Is 30:20) and hear him (Is 30:19,21); he will offer corrective advice so they can walk in the way again (Is 30:21). Another dramatic result of this reunion is the destruction of their idols (Is 30:22). How could an imitation ever hold a candle to the one true God they have now beheld?

What follows in Is 30:23–26 is a picture of a renewed creation. As creation was cursed at the fall (Gen 3:17–18), so it longs for renewal when the sons of God are revealed (Rom 8:18–21). Notice in these verses the increasingly supernatural quality given to the descriptions of the creation: rich and plenteous yield from crops (Is 30:23), especially fine food for the helping beasts (Is 30:24), flowing streams on every hill and mountain (Is 30:25), a blindingly bright moon and sun (Is 30:26). God makes explicit the connection between creation renewal and the salvation of his people in a wonderful description at the end of Is 30:26—how better to describe the Lord’s salvation through loving discipline than to say he “heals the wounds inflicted by his blow”?

God Against the Enemies

In the final section of this chapter (Is 30:27–33), we see God turn his anger toward the nations (Is 30:28) in general and Assyria (Is 30:31) in particular. Isaiah speaks of the indignation and judgment of God, that his voice alone is like a consuming fire (Is 30:27,30). God will strike Assyria with the rod (Is 30:31–32) and the funeral pyre will be prepared and used for the king of Assyria (Is 30:33).

But in the middle of this discourse, Isaiah writes that Judah “will have a song” like in festival time and there will be “gladness of heart” (Is 30:29). The musical references to “songs,” “the flute,” and “tambourines and lyres” appear in both Is 30:29 and Is 30:32. With all of the judgment God is doling out, what is the cause for Judah’s great rejoicing?

Isaiah says that God will deliver Judah in a very practical way. God himself will fight the battle against Assyria (Is 30:32)! God’s compassion toward his people is always practical. How gracious would God be if his compassion were only a sentiment?

Conclusion

What does this chapter teach us? When rebellious children ignore God’s word and seek safety elsewhere, God will bring severe discipline through their idols. But God is eager to be gracious to his children; they need only cry to him and he will bless them richly and destroy their enemies.

Don’t miss Jesus in this passage. On our behalf, he is the one who never sought protection apart from God. He never ignored God’s word; he brought us God’s word. Jesus makes God’s gracious disposition toward his children possible; we have peace with God because Jesus was smashed to bits by God’s fury at our idolatry.

Do you find yourself seeking protection and safety apart from God? Does your wealth, or your family, or your health, or your morality offer you a more attractive refuge than God? Are you suffering God’s discipline because you have pursued an idol? Perhaps this is the call you need to turn back to him. He longs to hear you cry out to him and he is eager to be gracious to you.

Units of Thought in Poetry

February 10, 2023 By Peter Krol

The Bible’s poetry can seem so strange and foreign, until you realize how to follow their train of thought. Then you can see why so many of them are among the most moving and beautiful poems in the history of the world.

The trick is to learn to read them as poems and not simply as random collections of inspiring sentiments. Why is it encouraging to be assured that you will regularly traverse the valley of death (Ps 23:4)? Because you have a divine shepherd (Ps 23:1-4) who is a lavish host (Ps 23:5-6).

So how do we go about observing the structure of a biblical poem? How do we distinguish the stanzas or sections?

Photo by Trust “Tru” Katsande on Unsplash

Stanzas

The primary structuring device in a biblical poem is the stanza. A stanza is sort of like a paragraph in prose texts; it’s a collection of lines or sentences into a coherent unit of thought. So when seeking the structure of a poem, the first and primary goal is to divide the poem into stanzas.

Many modern Bible editions help immensely, since they put a blank space between stanzas for you. The main challenge is to figure out from the text whether your Bible’s editors are right.

For example, in Proverbs 3:13-35, every translation seems to have a different idea of where the thought-divisions occur. Though most treat Prov 3:13 as the start of a unit, the LEB includes verses 11-12 with the first stanza. There is some diversity as to whether to treat Prov 3:19-20 as its own unit or as part of what follows. Also, the ESV sees Prov 3:27 as the end of the stanza that begins with Prov 3:21, but nearly every other version considers Prov 3:27 as the start of a new stanza.

ESV	CSB	LEB	NET	NIV
13-18	13-18	11-18	13-26	13-18
19-20	19-20	19-35		19-20
21-27	21-26			21-26
28-35	27-35		27-35	27-30
				31
				32-35

Stanza divisions in Proverbs 3:13-35

How do we decide who is right? A few tools will help us make such a decision.

Refrains

The first and simplest structuring device in Hebrew poetry is the refrain. A refrain is a line or sentence that repeats at regular intervals to mark off units of thought.

Here are some examples of refrains:

“Restore us, O God, let your face shine that we may be saved” (Ps 80: 3, 7, 19) divides Psalm 80 into three stanzas.
“The Lord of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our fortress” (Ps 46:7, 11) divides Psalm 46 into two stanzas.
“Why are you cast down… Hope in God” (Ps 42:5, 11; Ps 43:5) divides Psalm 42-43 into three stanzas.
“For all this his anger has not turned away” (Is 9:12, 17, 21; Is 10:4) divides Isaiah 9:8-10:4 into four stanzas.
“Yet you did not return to me” (Amos 4:6, 8, 9, 10, 11) divides Amos 4:6-12 into six stanzas.

Inclusio

An inclusio is a word or phrase that occurs at the beginning and end of a passage. It is similar to a refrain, except that it occurs specifically at beginning and end, like bookends on a library shelf.

Some psalms use an inclusio at the beginning and end of the entire poem (e.g. Psalms 8, 103, 113, 118). That encompassing inclusio may help us to grasp the poem’s main idea, but it doesn’t help us break the poem down into subdivided stanzas or units of thought.
Other times, an inclusio marks off a stanza or unit of thought for us. For example:
- “wisdom and instruction” repeated in Prov 1:2, 7—showing us that those verses all fit together as a unit of thought.
- “gazelle or young stag on the mountains” bookends the poetic stanza in Song 2:8-17.

Metaphor Shifts

Often, a poet shifts gears in his thought when he shifts from one overriding metaphor to another.

In Psalm 23, there is a shift from the larger metaphor of shepherd (Ps 23:1-4) to the metaphor of host (Ps 23:5-6).
In Psalm 71, the poet seeks refuge in God (Ps 71:1-6), proves that enemies aren’t so scary (Ps 71:7-15), remembers God’s work in the past (Ps 71:16-18), and employs the past to provide hope for the future (Ps 71:19-24). The shifts in these metaphorical phases of life outline the poem’s train of thought.
In Isaiah 5, the metaphor of the vineyard dominates Is 5:1-7. Then the threat of curse (Is 5:8-23) turns into the metaphor of fire (Is 5:24-25), before the chapter concludes with the metaphor of signal or alarm (Is 5:26-30).

Grammar Shifts

Sometimes, the changes from stanza to stanza are evident through shifts in the grammar.

There could be shifts in subject, as in Psalm 24: God (1-2), God’s people (3-6), God together with his people (7-10).
There could be shifts in pronouns or audience, as in Psalm 29: speaking to heavenly beings (1-2), speaking about Yahweh’s voice (3-9), speaking about Yahweh’s enthronement (10-11).

Conclusion

To draw defensible conclusions regarding a poem’s main point, we must be able to identify the poem’s units of thought. Then we can show how each of those units builds a case and contributes to the main idea. The trick is that we can’t simply go with what “feels right.” We ought to have observable clues within the text that mark the divisions for us. Refrains, incusios, and shifts in metaphor may be among such observable evidence.

Back to Proverbs 3

So where does that leave us on the question of Proverbs 3:13-35? How do these tools help us identify the stanzas (see the chart above)?

Prov 3:13-18 has the inclusio of both “blessing” and the concept of finding or laying hold of wisdom. Prov 3:21-26 has an inclusio of “keeping” or being “kept.” That whole section of Prov 3:13-26 thus has a unified metaphor of finding and keeping wisdom. At the center of that section is a brief description of how Yahweh built wisdom right into the fabric of the universe at the moment of creation (Prov 3:19-20). This explains why it “works” that finding and keeping wisdom will result in great blessing.

Prov 3:27-28 has two prohibitions against “withholding good.” Prov 3:29-30 has two prohibitions against “planning evil.” The chapter ends (Prov 3:32-35) with a grammatical shift to four assurances (parallel to the four prohibitions) that Yahweh neither plans evil nor withholds good from the right people at the right time. In between those two four-verse chunks is a warning not to envy violent men (Prov 3:31)—those who constantly plan evil and withhold good from others when it suits them. So the entire section (Prov 3:27-35) sticks together under the larger metaphor of humanitarian dealings (love your neighbor as yourself).

So in the end, I agree with both the NET and the NIV (though the CSB is not far off). The NET is correct that there are two main units of thought. The NIV is correct that each of those main units has three subsections. We’d be greatly helped if there were a clear way to represent both the main stanzas and their subdivisions in the way our Bibles lay out the text.

Why God’s Word is the Sole Source of Stability for Your Life

May 25, 2022 By Peter Krol

Davis Wetherell reflects on two truths about the Bible from the book of Isaiah. God’s word bear witness to its own authority and usefulness, and these truths ought to give us great hope.

The word of our God will stand forever.
God’s word never returns to him empty.

As Wetherell wishes:

I hope my reflections on these truths will bolster your faith in God’s Word as the sole source of stability for your life.

His meditations on Isaiah 40 and 55 will strengthen and encourage you. Check it out!

Context Matters: Righteous Deeds Are Like Filthy Rags

January 31, 2022 By Ryan Higginbottom

Adapted from Erich Ferdinand (2010), Creative Commons

Perhaps you’ve heard that all our righteous deeds are like filthy rags before God. You’ve been taught that God looks at our works and sees something unclean, a pitiful offering not worthy of his attention.

This phrase is often used to urge sinners to embrace Jesus’s work instead of their own for salvation. But is this a correct use of Isaiah’s words? When we learn to read the Bible as a book and not a loose collection of verses and phrases, we’ll see that some familiar sayings take on different meanings than we’ve always assumed.

No Salvation by Works

This memorable phrase comes from Isaiah 64.

We have all become like one who is unclean,
and all our righteous deeds are like a polluted garment.
We all fade like a leaf,
and our iniquities, like the wind, take us away. (Isaiah 64:6)

I often hear this verse cited to emphasize the emptiness of pursuing salvation by works. The speaker usually comments on how the “polluted garment” may be the Old Testament version of a menstrual cloth—a vivid and effective image. (In my memory, this was an ingredient in the first presentation of the gospel to which I responded!)

The problem, as you may have guessed, is that this verse is often pulled out of context. And when that happens with this particular phrase, young disciples may be left questioning their efforts to obey God. If God views our deeds as bloody rags, why should we try to do anything righteous?

The Meaning of “Righteous”

How could God hate righteous deeds? We only need to look at the surrounding verses to answer this question.

You meet him who joyfully works righteousness,
those who remember you in your ways.
Behold, you were angry, and we sinned;
in our sins we have been a long time, and shall we be saved? (Isaiah 64:5)

The first clause in verse 5 shows that God is not against every attempt at righteousness. Further, this helps us understand that the “righteousness” in Isaiah 64:5 cannot be the same as the “righteous deeds” in Isaiah 64:6. God cannot embrace what he calls unclean.

The “righteous deeds” of verse 6 must be ceremonial tasks (or something similar) done by those who have been in their sins a long time (Isaiah 64:5–6). God hates these deeds because they are not righteous at all.

God Our Father

Another key observation about this passage is how the Lord is being addressed. Yes, the people have sinned and turned away, but the prophet (on behalf of the people) is calling on God as “Father.” (This shows up twice in Isaiah 63:16, and also in Isaiah 64:8.)

The rebellion of God’s people can be so great that “righteous deeds” are like polluted garments. This would not be a surprise to Isaiah’s audience, as it formed the spine of his argument in Isaiah 1:10–17. God wanted offerings, incense, and assemblies to stop because the people did them in vain, with their hands full of blood. Going through the motions without love for the Lord is worthless.

God’s people were privileged to call him “Father,” and as their father he wanted their whole-hearted worship. Offering disjointed obedience to the Lord after being seduced by sin is offensive to the One who has been compassionate and merciful (see Isaiah 63:7–14).

In the modern church, the phrase about righteous deeds being like filthy rags is often used to persuade unbelievers. But in the context of Isaiah 64, God’s people are in view. Unlike unbelievers, they knew what righteous deeds were, but they carried them out with cold hearts.

The Dangers of Sin

There are several passages that could be used to instruct unbelievers about salvation by faith alone. That is a glorious truth, and the church should teach it! But we need not resort to pulling this colorful simile out of context to make the point.

The sobering truth of this passage is that God’s people can be deluded. We can chase after sin so much that our attempts to worship and glorify God are offensive to him.

Context matters.

For more examples of why context matters, click here.

The Potter’s Right Over the Clay

January 28, 2022 By Peter Krol

Earlier this week, I completed my 2022 Bible readthrough, which was nothing short of a delightful romp through the Scriptures. I always appreciate seeing what new connections the Lord may bring to my attention as I read rapidly.

And one thing that especially struck me this year was the potter metaphor used of the Lord throughout the prophets. This may have been on my mind because my church small group recently studied Romans 9 and discussed the potter metaphor in Rom 9:20-21. I had not fully considered before how Paul draws this imagery from the Old Testament.

When Paul says “Will what is molded say to its molder, ‘Why have you made me like this?'” (Rom 9:20), he appears to be drawing directly on Isaiah 29:16: “You turn things upside down! Shall the potter be regarded as the clay, that the thing made should say of its maker, ‘He did not make me’; or the thing formed say of him who formed it, ‘He has no understanding’?” The context of Isaiah 29 is that of God’s people drawing near to him in their rituals while their hearts remain far from him, attempting to hide from their maker their dark deeds. Paul uses it to support his larger point that not all who are descended from Israel belong to Israel. Just because God made some people ethnically Jewish, but still exerts his wrath on their unbelief, does not make him unjust.

The connection I found even more interesting is that with Jeremiah 18:1-12, which I will quote in full:

The word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD: “Arise, and go down to the potter’s house, and there I will let you hear my words.” So I went down to the potter’s house, and there he was working at his wheel. And the vessel he was making of clay was spoiled in the potter’s hand, and he reworked it into another vessel, as it seemed good to the potter to do.
Then the word of the LORD came to me: “O house of Israel, can I not do with you as this potter has done? declares the LORD. Behold, like the clay in the potter’s hand, so are you in my hand, O house of Israel. If at any time I declare concerning a nation or a kingdom, that I will pluck up and break down and destroy it, and if that nation, concerning which I have spoken, turns from its evil, I will relent of the disaster that I intended to do to it. And if at any time I declare concerning a nation or a kingdom that I will build and plant it, and if it does evil in my sight, not listening to my voice, then I will relent of the good that I had intended to do to it. Now, therefore, say to the men of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem: ‘Thus says the LORD, Behold, I am shaping disaster against you and devising a plan against you. Return, every one from his evil way, and amend your ways and your deeds.’
“But they say, ‘That is in vain! We will follow our own plans, and will every one act according to the stubbornness of his evil heart.’
Jeremiah 18:1-12, ESV

Jeremiah uses the authority-of-the-potter-over-the-clay metaphor to explain that God himself may change course and treat his people differently than he had predicted if they either repent from, or turn toward, evil. This point is especially striking in the background of Romans 9, where, even after calling unbelieving Israelites “not my people” and “vessels of wrath prepared for destruction,” Paul goes on to express his heart’s desire and his prayer to God that they might still be saved (Rom 10:1). In other words, though the Lord has promised to uproot Israel and remove its branch from his tree (Rom 11:11-24), as soon as they repent and set their hope in Jesus the Messiah, he stands more than ready to smush their clay and begin again with them as a clean and holy vessel.

So I’m glad that Romans was on my brain when my rapid reading took me through the prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah. With such broad Bible reading, such connections and allusions are more likely to stand out and stick.

For those of you willing to try such rapid reading for yourself, don’t forget we’ve currently got a reading challenge underway with a pretty terrific grand prize.

Context Matters: God’s Ways Are Higher Than Our Ways

June 7, 2021 By Ryan Higginbottom

Perhaps you’ve heard that God’s ways are higher than our ways, that his thoughts are above our thoughts. You’ve been told that God is so great, and our minds are so small in comparison, that we cannot grasp his motivations or his logic.

I’ve heard well-meaning Christians tell others that God’s ways are beyond us in an effort to bring comfort and assurance. We cannot figure out what God is doing, our lives feel out of control, but don’t worry—God’s thoughts are higher than our thoughts. It’s okay—even predictable—that we wouldn’t track with what God is up to.

But is this what that verse in Isaiah is meant to convey? Are we using this phrase in its proper context? When we learn to read the Bible as a book instead of as an independent collection of sentences and phrases, we’ll find that some of the most familiar passages mean something different than we’ve assumed.

The Context in Isaiah

This passage about God’s ways being higher than ours comes from Isaiah, and it’s worth reproducing a good portion of the passage here.

“Seek the Lord while he may be found;
call upon him while he is near;
let the wicked forsake his way,
and the unrighteous man his thoughts;
let him return to the Lord, that he may have compassion on him,
and to our God, for he will abundantly pardon.
For my thoughts are not your thoughts,
neither are your ways my ways, declares the Lord.
For as the heavens are higher than the earth,
so are my ways higher than your ways
and my thoughts than your thoughts.” (Isaiah 55:6–9)

Peter has already written about the big-picture structure of Isaiah. Chapters 40–55 hang together, and this passage falls near the end of that section. This portion of the prophecy describes how God will use a Servant to pardon the iniquity of his people.

Crucially, for our purposes, this part of Isaiah is about forgiveness, reconciliation, and the restoration of God’s people.

The Context in Isaiah 55

This chapter begins with God’s famous invitation: “Come, everyone who thirsts, come to the waters; and he who has no money, come, buy and eat! Come, buy wine and milk without money and without price” (Is 55:1). God is calling those who hear to live by means of an everlasting covenant with him (Is 55:3).

Those who listen should “seek the Lord” and “call upon him” (Is 55:6). The call is to the wicked and the unrighteous, to “return to the Lord,” for God will “have compassion” and “abundantly pardon” (Is 55:7).

The often-quoted verses (Is 55:8–9) are connected to verses 6–7 by the word “for.” This is a simple but powerful observation. God’s thoughts are different than our thoughts—this explains his eagerness to welcome and forgive. Our ways are not his ways, because we are neither in a position to pardon the repentant, unrighteous man nor are we inclined to show this compassion.

The chapter ends with an explanation about how God intends to accomplish this plan of forgiving those who forsake their wicked ways. It will happen through his word; it will go forth, accomplish his purposes, and not return to him empty (Is 55:11). As a result, the people rejoice, and nature will “break forth into singing” (Is 55:12).

Our Compassionate God

In terms of kindness, God’s ways are high above ours. Isaiah mentions God’s compassion three times in the previous chapter (Is 54:7, 8, 10), so this is a familiar theme by the time we reach chapter 55.

Let’s return to our earlier question. Yes, God is infinitely wiser and more complex than we are; his plans are beyond our ability to unravel. But when Isaiah writes about God’s thoughts being higher than our thoughts, he’s referring to God’s welcoming love to repentant sinners. We should worship and adore the God whose compassion overflows in this way that ours does not.

Context matters.

For more examples of why context matters, click here.

Find Your Way in Isaiah

May 12, 2021 By Peter Krol

Isaiah is one of those books I find especially difficult for modern readers. It is very long, and the neverending poetry can make it feel like sinking into a marsh with nothing to hold on to. Davy Elilson is here to help.

I hate being lost. Few things are more frustrating for me than meandering through an unfamiliar city, or hopelessly searching for an elusive item in the supermarket. I confess I’m not pleasant to be around in such moments.
Yet lost is exactly how I feel every time I come to Isaiah. As I begin reading, the same thoughts seize my attention: I will soon be lost; totally disoriented; Isaiah feels too big; there is no immediately discernible structure. Perhaps you share this experience. Somewhere in the middle of Isaiah 24, you begin to reel at the winding path that has brought you there and the unknown path that awaits you.
Perhaps a map would be useful. Let me offer some help by mapping five movements in Isaiah’s prophecy. These movements can aid us in finding our bearings in this mammoth book. As you’ll see, the movements are centered on one of Isaiah’s favorite descriptions of God: “the Holy One of Israel.”

Ellison’s concise map would be well worth your time and consideration. Along with an overview of the book, perhaps it may improve your chances of finding your way through such a crucial part of God’s Word.

Check it out!

Isaiah: Judgment and Deliverance

October 9, 2020 By Peter Krol

It would be difficult to overstate the importance of the book of Isaiah on the formation of Christian doctrine. Isaiah is the book quoted second-most often by the New Testament authors (only the Psalms are quoted more often), but I wouldn’t be surprised if Isaiah surpassed the Psalms in the sheer number of off-hand allusions.

Just think: Without Isaiah, we wouldn’t have Immanuel, a voice crying in the wilderness, the sting of death, the root of Jesse, proclamation of good news to the poor, a bruised reed he will not break, light for the Gentiles, every knee shall bow, how beautiful are the feet that bring good news, go out from their midst, a house of prayer, or the earth is my footstool. Without Isaiah, we wouldn’t have a breastplate of righteousness, helmet of salvation, new heavens and new earth, he gave himself for our sins, by his wounds you are healed, the suffering servant, a ransom for many, the Lamb who takes away the sin of the world, the many will be made righteous, unquenchable fire, being taught of God, blessings of David, a remnant shall be saved, found by those who didn’t seek me, a spirit of stupor, the wisdom of the wise, eye has not seen, ear has not heard, speak in strange tongues, the breath of his mouth, feeble hands and weak knees, feet swift to shed blood, clay in the hands of a potter, lest tomorrow we die, the acceptable time, the day of salvation, God supplies rain and seed, a precious cornerstone, owning a vineyard and expecting it bear fruit, you are my witnesses, I am the first and the last, the skies roll up like a scroll, robe stained in blood, no hunger or thirst, wipe away every tear, the children God has given me, or behold your God!

Isaiah is central to the Christian faith. It is worth your time to grasp its message.

Literary Markers

The clearest literary shift in this lengthy book is the switch from poetry (Isaiah 1-35) to narrative (Isaiah 36-39) and back to poetry (Isaiah 40-66). Brief narrative portions occurs elsewhere (chapters 6-7, 20, etc.), but not nearly on the same scale as the large block of chapters 36-39.

Within the first division (chapters 1-35), Isaiah marks the opening prophecies with headings (Isaiah 1:1, 2:1). But we don’t get any other headings until Isaiah 13:1, 14:28, 15:1, etc., where they are concentrated until Is 26:1. Then we don’t see such headings for the remainder of the book. This shows that chapters 13-27 are arranged together as a collection (of judgments on the nations of the world). Therefore, the opening division has three main sections: Isaiah 1-12, 13-27, and 28-35. The people are living under the kings of Judah, surrounded by enemies such as Assyria, and the narratives of Is 36-39 fit within this setting.

However, beginning at chapter 40, the audience appears to be exiles awaiting restoration (e.g. Is 40:1-3). And beginning at chapter 56, the audience appears to be back in the land with a temple (e.g. Is 56:5-7). This leads many academics to theorize three authors for the book, from three time periods (kingdom, exile, restoration), but such a conclusion is necessary only if you reject out of hand the possibility that God’s prophets are able to speak, well, prophetically. We are justified, however, in treating Is 40-55 and Is 56-66 as discrete sections of the book.

Within the first of those sections, Is 40 introduces two issues (Israel’s warfare with Babylon and her sin against God). The following chapters resolve the warfare with Babylon in Is 40-48 and the sin against God in Is 49-55.

This analysis yields the following rough outline of sections:

Isaiah 1-35
- 1-12
- 13-27
- 28-35
- 36-39
Isaiah 40-55
- 40-48
- 49-55
Isaiah 56-66

Let’s walk through the argument of each part.

Walkthrough Part 1

Chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book. Yahweh makes a case against his people (Is 1:1-15): His children have rebelled against them. Then he makes them an offer (Is 1:16-31): Trust him and be cleansed, or trust in false gods and become tinder for the fire. The rest of the book will unpack these fundamental ideas: How have God’s children turned away from him? How could he make cleansing possible for them? What happens to those who hold fast to the wrong gods?

Chapters 2-5 alternate between visions of a glorious future for the faithful and evidence of condemnation for the unfaithful. This culminates in Isaiah’s cleansing and commission (chapter 6) to preach to those who will become as senseless as their deaf and blind idols. Is 7:1-9:7 reveals that the way God will be able to be with his people is through an appointed king who will establish David’s throne in justice and righteousness. In Is 9:8-11:16, Yahweh pleads with his people to turn from their ways and set their hope in this coming king, the root of Jesse, upon whom will rest Yahweh’s own Spirit. Chapter 12 caps off this section with a celebration of God’s glorious provision of salvation.

Chapters 13-27 recount God’s attitude of judgment on the nations. Isaiah presents the oracles in three cycles of five judgments each.

Cycle 1: Babylon, Philistia, Moab, Damascus, Egypt (Is 13-20)
Cycle 2: Wilderness of the sea, Dumah, Arabia, Valley of vision, Tyre (Is 21-23)
Cycle 3: The wasted city, the host of heaven, the mountain of Yahweh, the strong city, Leviathan and the fortified city (Is 24-27)

As you can see, each cycle gets increasingly abstract and apocalyptic (symbolic) in its language. But Judah herself is not exempt from judgment, even when she is the location of glorious salvation (chapters 22, 25, 27).

Chapters 28-35 highlight the failure of all earthly powers to either save or judge in truth. This section is structured by six “woes” (“ah” and “woe” in the ESV translate the same Hebrew word – Is 28:1, 29:1, 29:15, 30:1, 31:1, 33:1). The first three woes explain the principles: False gods will fail; nothing can deliver those who reject Yahweh and his word; nothing can compare in power to Yahweh. The second three woes apply those principles in Judah’s historical moment: Egypt will fail; neither Egypt nor Assyria can deliver those who reject Yahweh and his word; neither Egypt nor Assyria can compare in power to Yahweh.

Everything Isaiah has spoken to this point finds its climax in the narratives of chapters 36-39, where we see a great king of Judah (Is 36:1) being challenged by a great king of Assyria (Is 36:4), yet Judah’s king will not relinquish his hold on an even higher king to deliver him (Is 37:16-17). He recognizes that false gods will fail (Is 37:18-20). Even on his sickbed, he continues trusting Yahweh (Is 38:20). That is, until the Assyrian threat passes and Babylon comes on the scene … (Is 39:1-2, 6). This narrative thus transitions us into the new need of a new generation: Rescue from exile in Babylon.

In short, the message of Part 1 (1-39) of Isaiah is: It is Yahweh alone who judges and delivers, and he does so through his appointed King.

Walkthrough Part 2

Part 2 open with words of comfort to the exiles (Is 40:1). Yet this comfort runs far deeper than they might expect. Not only will their warfare with Babylon come to an end. Their iniquity before God also must find pardon.

Comfort, comfort my people, says your God.
Speak tenderly to Jerusalem,
and cry to her
that her warfare is ended,
that her iniquity is pardoned,
that she has received from Yahweh’s hand
double for all her sins
Isaiah 40:1-2

Part 2 takes up these matters, showing in great detail just how they could come to pass.

First, Isaiah addresses the end of warfare with Babylon (the end of exile). In chapter 40, he describes Yahweh as both able and willing to make these things happen. In chapter 41, he enumerates the ramifications of this rescue on the coastlands and nations of the world. In chapter 42, he leaks God’s plan to send a servant to bring forth justice. In chapters 43-44, he ties the exile closely to the people’s rank idolatry, such that rescue from the first must simultaneously involve rescue from the latter. Chapters 45-48 then show how God will raise Cyrus as his anointed, to defeat Babylon and trample on Babylon’s impotent gods. The section culminates in demonstration of God’s loving justice (Isaiah 47) and his just love (Isaiah 48). There is no other god like this God.

Second, Isaiah must deal with the deeper, inward issue of their sin against God. Through his literary masterpiece, he weaves together a number of threads, including the coming servant, songs of deliverance, irrational hope, and the God who covenants to make it all possible. The tension builds through a crescendo of double repetition—”awake, awake” (Is 51:9), “I, I” (Is 51:12), “wake yourself, wake yourself” (Is 51:17), “awake, awake” (Is 52:1), “depart, depart” (Is 52:11)—before it explodes into the magnificent hymn of praise to the coming, tragic servant (Is 52:13-53:12). This leads the people to burst out in song and to expect the impossible from here on out (Is 54-55).

In short, we see in Part 2 that Yahweh is both willing and able to judge and deliver through his Servant.

Walkthrough Part 3

Part 3 of Isaiah presents itself as a single unit with a coherent structure:

Outcasts are gathered – Is 56:1-8
- God’s people still need a lot of work – Is 56:90-59:8
  - Prayer of repentance – Is 59:9-13
    - Yahweh himself suits up to do for them what they can’t do for themselves – Is 59:14-21
      - The vision of all that Israel and Jerusalem could become – Is 60-62
    - Yahweh himself crushes all opponents to this vision – Is 63:1-6
  - Prayer of repentance – Is 63:7-64:12
- God’s people still need a lot of work – Is 65:1-66:17
Many gathered in, and some cast out – Is 66:18-24

In short, Yahweh’s deliverance brings a new world through his Conqueror.

No Hope But Jesus

No wonder Jesus could read Isaiah 61 in the Galilean synagogue and tell them these words were fulfilled that very day (Luke 4:16-21). No wonder the Scripture of Isaiah 53 must be fulfilled in him (Luke 22:37). Jesus alone is the true King, Servant, and Conqueror Isaiah said we would need. Through him, deliverance is possible, from both sin and warfare. And judgment is certain for those who resist him (2 Thess 1:5-10).

Interpretive Outline

It is Yahweh alone who judges and delivers through his King – Is 1-39
1. Charge of rebellion, offer of cleansing – Is 1-12
2. Judgment on all nations – Is 13-27
3. Failure of earthly powers – Is 28-35
4. In whom will you trust? – Is 36-39
Yahweh is willing and able to judge and deliver through his Servant – Is 40-55
1. End of warfare with Babylon and her idols – Is 40-48
2. End of sin through the Servant’s sacrifice – Is 49-55
Yahweh’s deliverance brings a new world through his Conqueror – Is 56-66

I have benefitted much from commentaries on Isaiah by Alec Motyer and Andrew Abernethy (affiliate links). My work above is deeply influenced by their insights.

For more interpretive walkthroughs of books of the Bible, click here.

Enroll in Your Own Bible Class this Fall

August 31, 2020 By Ryan Higginbottom

The journey back to school this year has been a difficult one in the U.S.. Parents have made difficult choices about how and where their children will learn, and school teachers and administrators have faced some of the thorniest challenges of their careers. A global pandemic will do that, I guess.

I am a teacher myself, and the COVID chaos has tamped down my usual affection for the back-to-school season. Normally I love to gather supplies, feel a temporary sense of organization and schedule, and look ahead with excitement about what the fall has to offer. This year, however, I felt tired before classes began.

Despite my fatigue, I can’t shake the sense of early-fall possibility. Like the new year, this part of the calendar offers a new start.

A New Start for Bible Study

Christians often start read-through-the-Bible plans in early January. We pour over schedules for books and chapters; some plans even build “make-up days” into each month.

We give a lot less attention to planning out our Bible study. This may be because our Bible study rhythms are tied to our church or small group. It may be because we have laid this important discipline to the side.

Today, I’m offering you a chance to plan out your Bible study. If you aren’t regularly studying the Bible, there’s no better time to start.

So join the children this fall. Head back to class. I invite you to design your own plan for studying the Bible this year.

In case you need a model, I’ve provided one below. There’s nothing special about my plan other than it’s already made. Feel free to modify mine or start from scratch.

How to Study the Bible

If studying the Bible sounds overwhelming or like a task reserved for professional clergy, I understand. Some people write and talk about Bible study so that it seems academic, dry, and intimidating. It doesn’t have to be this way!

This web site (Knowable Word) exists to help ordinary people learn how to study the Bible. If you need a quick way to prepare for your class, you’ve come to the right place!

I’d suggest you start with our summary page and then dig into more details. There are three ingredients to the age-old method we promote: observe, interpret, and apply.

When we study the Bible, we must first observe what is written. We must take note of the details and how they fit together. Then we interpret the text. We try to understand the meaning of the passage, and we search for the author’s main point. Finally, we apply the truth of the Bible. If we remain unchanged, our Bible study is incomplete.

An Example Class

Since the academic year usually lasts for about eight months, I’ve designed the class below to last from early September though the end of April, with some time off around the holidays. This long view will allow me to suggest a long book—Isaiah—for our study. (If you are designing your own class, you could choose a different long book or opt for several shorter books.)

The plan below begins with three weeks to do nothing but read through Isaiah as many times as possible. The Isaiah portion of many audio Bibles is just less than four hours. This means that an average reader should be able to read all of Isaiah three times during those three weeks in just 35 minutes per day. Rereading a book is the best way to understand its structure.

In your whole-book survey, put together a book overview. Try to outline the book as you go. These initial readings should not be passive!

At the end of the plan, I’ve scheduled some time for putting your thoughts together. In a high school or college class, your instructor might assign you a paper at the end of the term. This isn’t just busywork; writing or presenting your findings is a great way to help you process and organize all that you’ve learned. If you have a blog yourself, consider writing about your “class.” (Send us a link here at Knowable Word so we can read it!) You might even consider writing a guest post on this blog.

The Plan

Here’s the week-by-week schedule. Adopt and adapt and modify to fit your needs.

Aug 30–Sept 5: read Isaiah
Sept 6–12: read Isaiah
Sept 13–19: read Isaiah
Sept 20–26: Isaiah 1–2
Sept 27–Oct 3: Isaiah 3–5
Oct 4–10: Isaiah 6–8
Oct 11–17: Isaiah 9–10
Oct 18–24: Isaiah 11–13
Oct 25–31: Isaiah 14–16
Nov 1–7: Isaiah 17–19
Nov 8–14: Isaiah 20–22
Nov 15–21: Isaiah 23–24

Nov 22–28: Isaiah 25–26
Nov 29–Dec 5: Isaiah 27–28
Dec 6–12: Isaiah 29–30
Dec 13–19: Isaiah 31–33
Dec 20–26: break
Dec 27–Jan 2: break
Jan 3–9: Isaiah 34–35
Jan 10–16: Isaiah 36–37
Jan 17–23: Isaiah 38–39
Jan 24–30: Isaiah 40–41
Jan 31–Feb 6: Isaiah 42–43
Feb 7–13: Isaiah 44–45

Feb 14–20: Isaiah 46–47
Feb 21–27: Isaiah 48–49
Feb 28–Mar 6: Isaiah 50–52
Mar 7–13: Isaiah 53–55
Mar 14–20: Isaiah 56–57
Mar 21–27: Isaiah 58–59
Mar 28–Apr 3: Isaiah 60–62
Apr 4–10: Isaiah 63–64
Apr 11–17: 65–66
Apr 18–24: wrap up
Apr 25–May 1: wrap up

How Far You’ll Go

In a chaotic year, God is constant and sovereign. He has revealed himself in his word. Let’s take advantage of this time to draw closer to him.

If you give yourself to careful, regular Bible study over the next 35 weeks, imagine how much you’ll grow in your understanding! Imagine how much you’ll change!